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NAQT You Gotta Know
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Author of An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) and the creator of the metaphor of the “invisible hand.” This work more-or-less single-handedly founded the Classical school of economics. | Adam Smith |
| Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism (a revision of the quantity theory of money) in works like A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963). He is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy. | Milton Friedman |
| Principal contribution to economic thought was extending the labor theory of value to its logical conclusion, his theory of surplus value. This theory, along with his defense of historical materialism, appeared in Das Kapital (1867, 1885, 1894). | Karl Marx |
| He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending. | John Maynard Keynes |
| He is best known for Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. He also put forth the so-called iron law of wages. | David Ricardo |
| (Canadian, 1908–2006): His liberal popular writings like The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State (with their emphasis on public service and the limitations of the marketplace) ensure his coming up again and again. | John Kenneth Galbraith |
| He was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land is the ultimate source of all wealth. | Francois Quesnay |
| His magnum opus, 1890’s Principles of Economics, introduced the notions of consumer surplus, quasi-rent, demand curves, and elasticity, all fundamental concepts in introductory macro- and microeconomics. | Alfred Marshall |
| Remembered for his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), which introduced phrases like “conspicuous consumption.” He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs of virility found in the animal kingdom. | Thorstein Veblen |
| Extended the ideas of Ricardo in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844) , and also for exhaustively examining the necessity of private property in his Principles of Political Economy (1848). | John Stuart Mill |
| First of the great Capetian kings of France. Won back Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, and other territories. He also took part in the famous Third Crusade and made use of the Albigensian crusade to pave the way for the annexation of Languedoc. | Philip II of France |
| He established the systems of appanages (land grants) which replaced the older, local nobles with barons who owed their fiefs to the crown. This allowed for the subsequent rise in French royal (and national) power. | Louis VIII of France |
| Led the Seventh Crusade, returned to Europe with his reputation intact and negotiated a peace with England. He stabilized the French currency and is generally held to have reduced corruption in the kingdom. The only canonized king of France. | St. Louis IX of France |
| He concluded alliances with Portugal, Spain, and Flanders, reorganized the army, and restructured the collection of taxes while leading France’s recovery from the devastation of the early period of the Hundred Years’ War. | Charles V of France |
| Known for costly Italian campaign, but more so for the number of his successors that followed his catastrophic lead. Motivated by a desire to govern Naples, which he had theoretically inherited. He died before he could do so. | Charles VIII of France |
| Renaissance patron, built Château de Chambord, rivaled Emperor Charles V, lost at Pavia (1525), but boosted arts and exploration. | Francis I of France |
| Last Valois king, faced religious wars, killed Guise brothers, assassinated by a monk amid chaos of Catholic-Protestant strife. | Henry III of France |
| Huguenot turned Catholic (“Paris is worth a mass”), issued Edict of Nantes, rebuilt France, killed by fanatic. | Henry IV of France |
| Relied on Cardinal Richelieu to curb nobles, strengthen crown, fought Habsburgs, left legacy of centralized power. | Louis XIII of France |
| Sun King, built Versailles, ruled 72 years, centralized France, waged wars, left debt but dazzling absolutism. | Louis XIV of France |
| First Carolingian king, crowned by the Pope. Donated land (Papal States), ousted Lombards, and set up a strong dynasty. | Pepin the Short |
| Holy Roman Emperor who united much of Europe, spread Christianity, and boosted learning in the Carolingian Renaissance. | Charlemagne |
| "Citizen King" of 1830-1848, a liberal monarch toppled by revolution. Ruled between absolutism and democracy, then exiled. | Louis Phillipe of France |
| Last Bourbon king, ultra-royalist. His 1830 decrees sparked revolt, ending his reign and the main Bourbon line in France. | Charles X of France |
| Control center housing DNA, directing cell activities like growth and protein synthesis via gene expression. ( | Nuclues |
| Tiny protein factories that translate RNA into proteins, found free in cytoplasm or on rough ER. | Ribosome |
| Powerhouses that generate ATP through respiration, fueling cell energy needs with their own DNA. | Mitochondria |
| Tubular network making lipids and detoxifying drugs, no ribosomes—smooth for metabolism tasks. | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Ribosome-studded tubes folding proteins for export, key in secretion and membrane production. | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Stacks of sacs modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for delivery or export. | Golgi Apparatus |
| Sacs of enzymes breaking down waste, old cell parts, or invaders—cell’s cleanup crew. | Lysosomes |
| Solar-powered sites in plant cells, using chlorophyll to turn light into sugar via photosynthesis. | Chloroplasts |
| Storage sacs for water, nutrients, or waste—big in plants for structure, smaller in animals. | Vacuoles |
| Short, hair-like movers on cell surfaces, sweeping mucus or aiding motion in some organisms. | Cilia |
| Long, whip-like tails propelling cells, like sperm, for movement—fewer but powerful. | Flagella |
| Cylinder pairs organizing microtubules for cell division, key in pulling chromosomes apart. | Centrioles |
| Brilliant Patriot general who won at Saratoga, but defected to Britain in 1780, now a symbol of treason. | Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) |
| British general whose Saratoga loss in 1777 turned the war, boosting Patriot morale and French aid. | John Burgoyne (1722-1792) |
| British commander who won in the South but surrendered at Yorktown in 1781, ending major fighting. | Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) |
| Patriot general who beat Burgoyne at Saratoga, but flopped at Camden, denting his rep. | Horatio Gates (1727-1806) |
| British governor defending Canada, he held Quebec in 1775 and evacuated Loyalists in 1783. | Sir Guy Carleton (1724-1808) |
| Patriot strategist who wore down Cornwallis in the South, key to winning the Carolinas. | Nathanael Greene (1742-1786) |
| British general who took New York in 1776 but didn’t crush Washington, missing big chances. | William Howe (1729-1814) |
| Polish engineer who fortified Patriot defenses, like Saratoga, aiding the war effort. | Tadeusz Kosciuszko (1746-1817) |
| French noble who fought for Patriots, linking France’s aid and shining at Yorktown. | Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) |
| “Swamp Fox” led guerrilla raids in the South, harassing British with hit-and-run tactics. | Francis Marion (1732-1795) |
| Naval hero who raided British ships, famously winning with “I have not yet begun to fight!” | John Paul Jones (1747-1792) |
| Prussian who drilled Patriot troops at Valley Forge, turning them into a real army. | Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730-1794) |
| Commander-in-chief who held the Patriot cause together, winning at Yorktown to secure victory. | George Washington (1732-1799) |
| “The Great One” was named Canada’s athlete of the century. The winner of ten scoring titles and nine NHL MVP’s , his #99 was retired league-wide. He won four Stanley Cups with Edmonton in the 1980s. | Wayne Gretzky |
| “Mr. Hockey,” was equally adept with his stick as he was with his fists. A six-time Art Ross Trophy winner, he played 26 seasons with the Detroit Red Wings, retiring in 1971. | Gordie Howe |
| Author of the Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari), the first known novel; the diary Murasaki Shikibu nikki; and a collection of tanka poems. | Murasaki Shikibu |
| Author of Pillow Book | Sei Shonagon |
| Greatest playwright of the No Theater. (Wind in the Pines, Fushi kaden) | Zeami |
| Egyptian God of the underworld and rebirth, killed by Set, then resurrected by Isis to rule the dead. | Osiris |
| Egyptian God of chaos and storms, Osiris’s brother—slew him out of jealousy, embodying disorder. | Set |
| Egyptian Goddess of magic and motherhood, revived Osiris and raised Horus, a protector figure. | Isis |
| Falcon-headed god of the sky and kingship, son of Osiris and Isis, avenged his father. | Horus |
| Egyptian Sun god who sailed across the sky daily, creator of life, often merged with other gods. | Ra |
| Fusion of Amon (hidden power) and Ra (sun), king of gods in Thebes’ rise to glory. | Amon-Ra |
| Ibis-headed god of wisdom and writing, inventor of hieroglyphs, scribe of the gods. | Thoth |
| Creator god of Memphis, craftsman who spoke the world into being, patron of artisans. | Ptah |
| Jackal-headed god of mummification, guided souls to the afterlife and judged the dead. | Anubis |
| Egyptian Goddess of truth and justice, her feather weighed hearts to keep cosmic order. | Ma'at |
| Cow-headed goddess of love, music, and dance, also a nurturer and sky deity. | Hathor |
| Goddess of mourning, Set’s sister-wife, aided Isis in Osiris’s resurrection rites. | Nephthys |
| Jefferson beat Adams in a bitter race, first power shift (Federalist to Democratic-Republican), settled by House vote. | 1800 |
| J.Q. Adams won over Jackson via House “corrupt bargain,” despite no majority—angered voters, birthed modern parties. | 1824 |
| Lincoln’s win as Republican split North and South, no Southern votes—sparked secession and Civil War. | 1860 |
| Hayes beat Tilden in a disputed vote; Electoral Commission deal ended Reconstruction, gave South home rule. | 1876 |
| McKinley’s gold standard win over Bryan’s silver push set economic policy, boosted industrial growth. | 1896 |
| Wilson won as Taft and Roosevelt split GOP vote; Progressive vs. conservative clash shaped future politics. | 1912 |
| Truman upset Dewey, defying polls, with “Give ‘em hell” campaign—kept New Deal alive, Fair Deal born. | 1948 |
| Kennedy edged Nixon in a razor-thin, TV-driven race; Cold War and youth vibe tipped the scales. | 1960 |
| Nixon won amid Vietnam and riots, beating Humphrey—silent majority rose, ending liberal ‘60s wave. | 1968 |
| Bush beat Gore after Florida recount chaos; Supreme Court ruling decided it, Electoral College split from popular vote. | 2000 |
| Painter of Guernica | Pablo Picasso |
| Painter of the Persistence of Memory | Salvador Dali |
| Painter of Campbell's Soup Can | Andy Warhol |
| Painter of Nighthawks | Edward Hopper |
| Painter of American Gothic | Grant Wood |
| Painter of I and the Village | Mark Chagall |
| Painter of Christina's World | Andrew Wyeth |
| Painter of Broadway Boogie Woogie | Piet Mondrian |
| Painter of Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 | Marcel Duchamp |
| Father of psychoanalysis, explored unconscious mind, dreams, and libido—id, ego, superego shaped personality theory. | Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) |
| Broke from Freud, founded analytical psychology—collective unconscious, archetypes like the shadow drove behavior. | Carl Jung (1875-1961) |
| Pioneered individual psychology, stressed inferiority complex and social motives over Freud’s sex focus. | Alfred Adler (1870-1937) |
| Russian physiologist whose dog experiments showed classical conditioning—bells triggered salivation, learning link. | Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) |
| Founded behaviorism, ditched mind for observable acts—Little Albert experiment tied fear to conditioning. | John B. Watson (1878-1958) |
| Behaviorist who built operant conditioning—rewards and punishments shaped actions, not just reflexes. | B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) |
| Swiss thinker mapped cognitive development—kids grow through stages (sensorimotor to formal) of thinking skills. | Jean Piaget (1896-1980) |
| Psychosocial stages theorist—life’s eight conflicts (trust vs. mistrust) built identity beyond Freud’s childhood focus. | Erik Erikson (1902-1994) |
| Humanist who created hierarchy of needs—food to self-actualization drove motivation, not just drives. | Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) |
| Social psychologist whose obedience experiments showed people shock others under authority—ethics debated. | Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) |
| First tsar, expanded Russia, but his brutal Oprichnina purges and paranoia left a legacy of fear. | Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584) |
| Modernized Russia, built St. Petersburg, and forced Western reforms—navy and beard tax included. | Peter I (Peter the Great) (1672-1725) |
| Enlightened despot, grew Russia’s borders, nabbed Crimea, but kept serfs down despite reforms. | Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (1729-1796) |
| Beat Napoleon in 1812, expanded Russia, but flipped from liberal ideas to mystic conservatism. | Alexander I (1777-1825) |
| Iron-fisted tsar crushed Decembrists, enforced Orthodoxy and autocracy—Crimean War flopped. | Nicholas I (1796-1855) |
| “Tsar Liberator” freed serfs in 1861, reformed law, but radicals killed him for not going far enough. | Alexander II (1818-1881) |
| Reactionary tsar rolled back reforms, pushed Russification, and ruled with peace but repression. | Alexander III (1845-1894) |
| Last tsar, bungled wars and revolution—1917 abdication ended Romanovs; Bolsheviks executed him. | Nicholas II (1868-1918) |
| Wrote the Play "Our Town" | Thornton Wilder |
| Wrote the Play "Long Day's Journey Into Night" | Eugene O'neil |
| Wrote the Play "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" | Edward Albee |
| Wrote the Play "A Streetcar Named Desire" | Tennessee Williams |
| A Raisin in the Sun | Lorraine Hansberry |
| The Crucible | Arthur Miller |
| Death of a Salesman | Arthur Miller |
| Mourning Becomes Electra | Eugene O'neil |
| The Glass Menagerie | Tennessee Williams |
| The Iceman Cometh | Eugene O'neil |
| Cat on a Hot Tin Roof | Tennessee Williams |
| The Little Foxes | Lillian Hellman |
| “Old Ironsides,” wooden frigate from 1797, won in War of 1812—still afloat, symbol of early U.S. Navy grit. | USS Constitution |
| Ironclad with rotating turret, fought CSS Virginia in 1862—Civil War’s first iron ship duel, changed naval war. | USS Monitor |
| Confederate ironclad, ex-USS Merrimack, battled Monitor in 1862—key in Civil War’s naval tech shift. | CSS Virginia |
| Battleship sunk in Havana, 1898—爆炸 sparked Spanish-American War; “Remember the Maine” rallied U.S. | USS Maine |
| Battleship sunk at Pearl Harbor, 1941—1,177 died; WWII icon, its wreck a memorial to the attack. | USS Arizona |
| WWII battleship hosted Japan’s 1945 surrender—fought in Pacific, Korean War; now a museum. | USS Missouri |
| First nuclear sub, launched 1954—sailed under North Pole, kicked off atomic naval power era. | USS Nautilus |
| Jointed-legged critters with exoskeletons— insects, spiders, crabs. Most diverse group, segmented, molting bodies. | Arthropods |
| Soft-bodied animals, often shelled—snails, clams, octopuses. Muscular foot, mantle; some smart, some simple. | Mollusks |
| Backboned or notochord crew—fish, birds, mammals. Nerve cord, gill slits at some point; includes us humans. | Chordates |
| Segmented worms—earthworms, leeches. Rings with bristles, closed blood system; dig soil or suck blood. | Annelids |
| First Islamic dynasty, ruled from Damascus, spread Islam to Spain and India—Arab elite focus sparked unrest. | Umayyad (661-750) |
| Golden Age rulers in Baghdad, boosted science and arts—fell to Mongols, shifted power from Arabs to all Muslims. | Abbasid (750-1258) |
| Shia dynasty in North Africa, built Cairo—rivaled Abbasids, famed for trade and Fatimid architecture. | Fatimid (909-1171) |
| Turkic Sunni dynasty, took Baghdad—fought Crusaders, set stage for later Turkic powers like Ottomans. | Seljuk (1037-1194) |
| Saladin’s Kurdish dynasty, ousted Fatimids, beat Crusaders at Hattin—ruled Egypt and Syria with flair. | Ayyubid (1171-1260) |
| Slave-soldier rulers in Egypt, stopped Mongols at Ain Jalut, kept Crusaders out—art and power peaked. | Mamluk (1250-1517) |
| Turkic empire from Anatolia, took Constantinople 1453—spanned three continents, fell after WWI. | Ottoman (1299-1922) |
| Indian dynasty, Babur to Aurangzeb—built Taj Mahal, blended Islam and Hindu culture, lost to Britain. | Mughal (1526-1857) |
| Persia’s Shia dynasty, made Iran Shia—fought Ottomans, shone in art and architecture under Shah Abbas. | Safavid (1501-1736) |
| Primeval giant whose body, slain by Odin, formed the world—earth from flesh, seas from blood. | Ymir |
| Allfather, god of wisdom and war—sacrificed an eye for knowledge, rules Valhalla with ravens. | Odin |
| Odin’s wife, goddess of marriage and motherhood—knows all fates but stays silent, a quiet power. | Frigg |
| Vanir god of fertility and peace—brings rain, bounty, and rides a golden boar, Gyllinbursti. | Frey |
| Vanir goddess of love and magic—wears Brísingamen, leads half the slain to her hall, Fólkvangr. | Freya |
| Thunder god, wields Mjölnir—protects gods and men, slays giants, son of Odin, red-bearded might. | Thor |
| Trickster god, shape-shifter—causes chaos, fathers monsters, bound till Ragnarök for Balder’s death. | Loki |
| Watchman of the gods, guards Bifrost—golden teeth, keen senses, blows Gjallarhorn at Ragnarök. | Heimdall |
| God of light and purity, Odin’s son—killed by Loki’s trick with mistletoe, mourned by all. | Baldur |
| Three fate-weavers—Urd, Verdandi, Skuld—spin lives’ threads at Yggdrasil, beyond gods’ sway. | The Norns |
| Anglo-Saxon king who beat Vikings, unified England, and boosted learning—first “King of the English.” | Alfred the Great (849-899) |
| Norman who won at Hastings 1066, built the Tower, and made Domesday Book—shaped feudal England. | William I (William the Conqueror) (1028-1087) |
| Plantagenet king, reformed law with juries, clashed with Becket—expanded England’s grip on France. | Henry II (1133-1189) |
| Crusader king, fought Saladin in Third Crusade—brave but absent, left England to regents. | Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) (1157-1199) |
| Lost French lands, signed Magna Carta 1215 under barons’ pressure—weak king, big legal legacy. | John (1166-1216) |
| Last Yorkist, accused of nephew murders—lost at Bosworth 1485, ending Wars of the Roses. | Richard III (1452-1485) |
| Tudor king broke with Rome, made Church of England—six wives, split for an heir shaped history. | Henry VIII (1491-1547) |
| Virgin Queen beat Spanish Armada, ruled Golden Age—arts and exploration thrived under her. | Elizabeth I (1533-1603) |
| First Stuart, united England and Scotland crowns—Bible named for him, faced Gunpowder Plot. | James I (1566-1625) |
| Stuart king fought Parliament, sparked Civil War—beheaded 1649, ending absolute rule. | Charles I (1600-1649) |
| Restored monarchy post-Cromwell, ruled with wit—plague, Great Fire, and parties marked reign. | Charles II (1630-1685) |
| Catholic Stuart ousted in Glorious Revolution 1688—fled, ending divine right in England. | James II (1633-1701) |
| Long-reigning king lost American colonies, went mad—era of empire growth and Regency. | George III (1738-1820) |
| Queen of Industrial Age, empire peaked—64-year reign saw railroads, reforms, and widow’s black. | Victoria (1819-1901) |
| Longest-reigning British monarch, steadied UK through change—WWII to Brexit, a quiet, constant figure. | Elizabeth II (1926-2022) |
| Confucius’s sayings, compiled by disciples—guides Chinese ethics, duty, and harmony c. 475 BCE. | Analects |
| Jewish texts from 200 BCE-100 CE, excluded from Protestant Bible—offers history, wisdom. | Apocrypha |
| Zoroastrian scriptures, c. 1200 BCE—Iranian hymns, laws, and rituals for good vs. evil fight. | Avesta |
| Hindu epic dialogue, c. 200 BCE—Krishna teaches Arjuna duty and yoga in Mahabharata war. | Bhagavad Gita |
| Laozi’s Taoist text, c. 400 BCE—short verses on living simply, flowing with the Tao. | Tao Te Ching |
| Sayings and acts of Muhammad, c. 600s CE—guides Muslims alongside Quran on daily life. | Hadith |
| 1830 text by Joseph Smith—claims ancient American prophets, core to Latter-day Saints. | Book of Mormon |
| Islam’s holy book, revealed to Muhammad c. 610-632 CE—God’s word in Arabic, life’s guide. | Koran (Quran) |
| Jewish law and commentary, c. 200-500 CE—expands Torah with rabbis’ debates and rulings. | Talmud |
| Hindu philosophical texts, c. 800-200 BCE—probe soul, Brahman, and liberation via meditation. | Upanishads |
| Ancient Hindu hymns, c. 1500-500 BCE—four collections, rituals, and cosmology for priests. | Vedas |
| Chinese divination text, c. 1000 BCE—hexagrams offer wisdom on change and decisions. | Yijing (I Ching) |
| Jewish New Year, fall—shofar blows, apples and honey for sweetness mark 10 days of repentance. | Rosh Hashanah |
| Day of Atonement, 10 days after Rosh Hashanah—fasting, prayer seek forgiveness for sins. | Yom Kippur |
| Fall harvest fest, post-Yom Kippur—live in sukkahs, wave lulav to recall exodus wanderings. | Sukkot |
| Winter light fest—8 days, menorah lit for Maccabees’ oil miracle after temple rededication. | Hanukkah |
| Spring joy fest—costumes, hamantaschen recall Esther saving Jews from Haman’s plot in Persia. | Purim |
| Spring exodus memory—8 days, matzah, Seder retell liberation from Egyptian slavery. | Passover |
| Late spring, 50 days post-Passover—celebrates Torah given at Sinai with dairy foods, study. | Shavuot |
| Summer mourning day—fasting, Lamentations mark temple destructions and Jewish tragedies. | Tisha B’Av |
| Confederates fired on Union fort in Charleston—war’s first shots, South’s win sparked conflict. | Fort Sumter |
| First big clash near Manassas—Confederate rout of Union showed war would be long, not quick. | First Bull Run (July 21, 1861) |
| Ironclad duel of Monitor vs. Virginia—tie, but naval war shifted to armored ships forever. | Hampton Roads (March 8-9, 1862) |
| Bloody Tennessee fight—Union’s Grant held off South, proved war’s cost, opened the West. | Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862) |
| Lee crushed Union near Manassas again—South invaded North, confidence soared. | Second Bull Run (August 28-30, 1862) |
| Bloodiest day—Lee vs. McClellan in Maryland; Union stopped invasion, Lincoln issued Emancipation. | Antietam (September 17, 1862) |
| Lee’s easy win over Union’s Burnside—massive losses dimmed Northern morale on the Rappahannock. | Fredericksburg (December 11-15, 1862) |
| Lee’s bold split beat Hooker—South’s peak win, but Stonewall Jackson’s death hurt. | Chancellorsville (April 30-May 6, 1863) |
| Turning point—Union’s Meade repelled Lee in Pennsylvania; South’s hopes faded after huge losses. | Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) |
| One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) | Gabriel García Marquez |
| Love in the Time of Cholera | Gabriel García Marquez |
| The General in His Labyrinth | Gabriel García Marquez |
| Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair | Pablo Neruda |
| Residence on Earth | Pablo Neruda |
| A Universal History of Infamy (1935), Ficciones (1944), and The Aleph (1949); Labyrinths | Jorge Luis Borges |
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Patriot995