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Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of circuit is the cardiovascular system? | Closed |
| What is pressure equal to? | Distance |
| What are most cardiovascular hearts related to? | Blood vessels |
| When is an increase in blood pressure good? | Short term |
| What is the heart enclosed in? | A pericardial sac |
| What is visceral? | Touches the organ |
| What is parietal? | Touches the tissue |
| What is pericarditis? | Irritation of the pericardial sac |
| How does the apex contract? | Like ringing out a sponge |
| What is hypertrophy? | Increase in size of an organ or tissue |
| What is increasing in size during hypertrophy? | The cells are increasing in size but not in amount |
| What is a healthy blood pressure of the left side of the heart? | 120/80 |
| What is a healthy blood pressure of the right side of the heart? | 25/8 |
| Which side of the heart is thicker? | Left |
| Which side of the heart is thicker in utero? | Right |
| When does the majority of work flip from right side to left side of the heart? | After first breath |
| What is the left AV valve? | Mitral or bicuspid |
| What is the right AV valve? | Tricuspid |
| What is the left semilunar valve? | Aortic |
| What is the right semilunar valve? | Pulmonary |
| What is the purpose of valves in the heart? | Prevent backflow |
| What separates cardiac valves? | Connective tissues |
| Where does coronary circulation start? | Bottom of the aorta near the aortic valve |
| Where are arteries on the heart? | On the top of the heart than branch inside |
| What are cardiomyocytes? | Cardiac cells |
| How do cardiomyocytes communicate? | Cell to cell connections |
| What types of cell-to-cell communication is in the heart? | Desmosomes and gap junctions |
| What do desmosomes do? | Add strength |
| What are gap junctions? | Channels for electrical signals between cells |
| What is depolarization? | Positive charge into the cell |
| What is repolarization? | Positive charge out of the cell |
| Why is positive charge important? | Opens channels |
| What is the difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle? | Cardiac has calcium gated channels |
| What does CICR stand for? | Calcium induced calcium release |
| What is the purpose of calcium gated channels? | Calcium releases calcium in SR storage |
| Why does the heart need calcium gated channels? | To avoid tetany |
| What does the plateau mark? | Calcium coming into a cell |
| What is the pacemaker in the heart? | Sinoatrial node |
| Where is action potential at? | Nodal cells |
| How does the SA node communicate? | By leaking positive charges through gap junctions |
| What is the reason for arythmias? | Any cell can be the origin of a beat |
| What does the SA node create? | A wave of depolarization |
| How many beats per minute with the SA node? | 60-100 |
| How many beats per minute with the AV node? | 40-60 |
| How many beats per minute with the Purkinje cells? | 20-40 |
| What is heart lock? | A broken AV node where signals cant pass through |
| What is needed to increase heart rate? | Positive charge |
| What happens if there is less positive charge? | Takes longer to reach threshold decreasing heart rate |
| Does the brain or heart have a higher electromagnetic signal? | Heart |
| What does early science say about electromagnetic signals? | That we can detect other peoples |
| What is happening in the P wave of an EKG? | Atrial depolarization |
| What does atrial depolarization lead to? | Atrial contraction |
| What is another word for atrial contraction? | Atrial systole |
| What is happening in the QRS complex? | Ventricular depolarization |
| What does ventricular depolarization lead to? | Ventricle contraction and systole |
| When is complete depolarization? | Plateau between QRS complex and T wave |
| What is the T wave? | Ventricular repolarization |
| What does ventricular repolarization lead to? | Ventricular relaxation and diastole |
| What is the PQ segmment? | AV node |
| What is normal rhythm called? | Sinus rhythm |
| What is seen on an EKG of a heart block | Limited amount of QRS complex to 20-40 |
| What is seen on an EKG of atrial fibrillation? | Lots of B waves |
| How dangerous is atrial fibrillation? | Can live with it |
| How many BPM is atrial fibrillation? | 350 |
| What is ventricular fibrillation? | Muscle is basically shaking |
| How dangerous is ventricular fibrillation? | Fatal |
| How is ventricular fibrillation corrected? | Shcok the heart to depolarize all of the cells at once so they will repolarize at the same time for the SA node to take back over |
| What is a flat line on an EKG after the heart is shocked? | Cells repolarizing |
| How can a heart go into ventricular fibrillation? | If a ton of cells become the origin of the beat |
| What is premature ventricular contraction? | When the heart goes out of rhythm randomly |
| How dangerous is premature ventricular contraction? | Not fatal |
| What is a murmur? | Valves not closing properly |
| Are we more concerned with atrial or ventricular issues? | Ventricular |
| How is aortic pressure maintained? | Aorta is elastic allowing it to get wider when blood is ejected in allowing the pressure to slowly decline while the aorta goes back to normal size |
| How is cardiac output measured? | Co=stroke volume x heart rate |
| How is stroke volume measured? | End diastolic volume - end systolic volume |
| How is stroke volume regulated? | Contractility, afterload, and preload |
| What is contractility? | Contractile strength at a given muscle length |
| What is afterload? | Pressure that must be overcome to eject blood or pressure on aortic and pulmonary valves by arterial blood |
| What is preload? | Degree of cardiac muscle strength before contraction |
| What does length of sarcomere equal? | Tension until the sarcomere threshold |
| What happens after a sarcomere is stretched passed its threshold? | Myosin cannot attach and tension decreases |
| What is the Frank-Starling law? | More ventricles are stretched the harder they eject therefore stroke volume is proportional to the end diastole volume |
| How is heart rate regulated? | By the autonomic nervous system |
| How does sympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate? | Increases heart rate and contractility |
| What does the sympathetic nervous system affect? | Nodes and cardiomyocytes |
| How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate? | Decreases heart rate |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system affect? | Nodes |
| When is SNS or PSNS in control? | They fight for an effect |
| Which nervous system is in more control of an athletes heart? | PSNS |
| What is vagal tone? | When the PSNS is in more control |
| What type of blood vessels are the thickest? | Arteries |
| Why do blood vessels get thinner at site of exchange? | To easily exchange nutrients |
| What is the site of exchange for blood vessels? | Capillaries |
| What causes a decrease of volume and pressure further from the heart? | Branching of vessels |
| What is the inner layer of a blood vessel? | Intima |
| What type of cells makes up the intima layer? | Endothelial |
| What is the middle layer of a blood vessel? | Media |
| What type of cells makes up the media layer? | Smooth muscle cells and connective tissue |
| What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel? | Adventitia |
| What type of cells makes up the adventitia layer? | Connective tissue made of collagen |
| What happens to the amount of connective tissue as the vessel moves away from the heart? | Decreases |
| What happens to the amount of smooth muscle as the vessel moves away from the heart? | Increases |
| What is the benefit of having more smooth muscle further from the heart? | Easier to constrict to a smaller size |
| What is the type of blood vessel further from the heart that is mostly smooth muscle? | Arterioles |
| What is size exclusion? | Explains that things can only go through things if they fit |
| What is a continuous capillary? | Space between the cells is very small |
| What is a fenestrated capillary? | Porus |
| What is a sinusoid capillary? | Spread far apart |
| What is the most abundant type of capillaries? | Continuous |
| What organ has a lot of sinusoid capillaries? | Liver |
| What is the space between cells called? | Tight junctions |
| What is plasma? | The fluid of blood |
| Where is interstitial fluid? | Between cells |
| Where is intercellular fluid? | In cells |
| Where is blood always? | In fluid |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | The physical force exerted by a liquid against the surface such as capillary wall |
| What is colloid osmotic pressure? | Stops too much fluid from leaking out a blood vessel to prevent swelling |
| What are albumins? | Help to maintain blood pressure in circulation |
| Where are albumins produced? | Produced in the liver |
| What happens if there are issues with the production of albumin? | Swelling |
| Where are tight junctions very tight to avoid swelling? | Brain |
| How do veins return blood to the heart? | Muscular pump, venous valves, repiratory pump, gravity, and sympathetic nervous system |
| How does sympathetic nervous system help veins return blood to the heart? | Venoconstriction |
| What are venous valves? | Valves in the veins that stop the blood from falling back down due to gravity |
| What is the condition where venous valves are dysfunctional? | Varicose veins |
| How does varicose veins develop? | Blocking of blood flow causes a pressure build up that causes the veins to stretch past the point of return and valves no longer touch |
| Where is varicose veins normally seen? | Legs |
| What is a hemorrhoid? | A type of varicose vein |
| What is perfusion? | The amount of blood flow to tissue |
| What is long term autoregulation of blood flow? | Anigogenesis |
| What is metabolic autoregulation of blood flow | Co2 is a byproduct of metabolism and Co2 causes vasodilation |
| What are myogenic controls of autoregulation of blood flow? | An increased stretch (higher BP) equals vasoconstriction A decreased stretch (lower BP) equals vasodilation |
| What does too high of BP do to capillaries? | Damage them |
| When is vasoconstriction needed? | When BP is too high to limit the amount of fluid allowed in |
| When is vasodilation needed? | When BP is too low |
| What is precapillary sphinctor? | Acts as a valve and uses myogenic controls |
| When is oxygen used to dilate blood vessels? | In lungs |
| What is being measured when blood pressure is being taken? | Artery |
| What is a pulse? | A wave of pressure |
| What causes pressure? | When flow is opposed by resistance (wall of blood vessel) |
| What are the three contributing factors to BP? | Cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and blood volume |
| What is cardiac output? | Stroke volume x heart rate |
| What is total peripheral resistance? | Build the volume in arteries causing a lot of constriction in many arterioles |
| What is blood volume? | Total amount of blood |
| What is the short-term contributing factors to BP? | Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance |
| What is the long-term contributing factors to BP? | Blood volume |
| What organ controls the amount of blood? | Kidneys |
| What does the SNS do when controlling blood pressure? | Increased vasoconstriction causes an increase in total peripheral resistance |
| What does the PSNS do when controlling blood pressure? | Decreases cardiac output |
| What do baroreceptors do? | Detect pressure |
| Where do the baroreceptors communicate to? | Vasomotor center in the brainstem |
| Where does the vasomotor center communicate to? | Heart, blood vessels, and kidneys |
| How do baroreceptors know if the signal is high blood pressure or low? | Depends on the frequency of the message being sent |
| What do epinephrine/norepinephrine do to BP? | Increase |
| What does aldosterone do? | Salt retention |
| When is the release of aldosterone initiated? | When BP is low |
| What does ADH do? | Water retention |
| When is the release of angiotensin initated? | When BP is low |
| How is angiotensin release? | Detection of low BP causes kidneys to release renin which makes angiotensin II |
| What does angiotensin II do? | Vasoconstrictor (increase TPR), aldosterone (increase BP), ADH (increase BP) |
| What is sheer stress? | Pressure on the walls |
| At what location does blood move the fastest? | In the middle |
| What does an increase of sheer stress do? | Causes endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide |
| What does nitric oxide do? | Causes vasodilation |
| What is circulatory shock? | An inadequate amount of blood to supply the body so things start to shut down |
| What is circulatory shock associated with? | Lower BP |
| What are the types of circulatory shock? | Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vascular, neural |
| What is vascular shock? | Increased histamine causes vessels to relax and dilate lowering BP |
| What is hypovolemic? | Blood volume drops dramatically to point that body can increase it |
| What is the defining line for hypertension? | 140/90 |
| What happens after blood pressure raises to 140/90? | Increased risk for CV events and stroke |
| What are the two types of hypertensions? | essential and secondary |
| What is essential hypertension? | No known cause |
| What is secondary hypertension? | A known cause |
| What percentage of hypertension cases are essential? | 90-95% |
| How is essential hypertension treated? | Go back to three main contributors |
| How is blood kept a liquid? | Factors constantly released by endolithium |
| What is the normal blood volume for a male? | 5-6 L |
| What is the normal blood volume for a female? | 4-5 L |
| What is the normal pH for blood? | 7.4 |
| What is the temp of blood? | 100.4 |
| What type of protein makes up majority of blood? | Albumin |
| Where are blood cells produced? | Red bone marrow |
| What are blood cells made from? | Stem cells |
| What type of stem cells make blood? | Hematopoietic |
| What shape are blood cells? | Biconcave |
| Why are blood cells biconcaved? | Easier to fold and gets hemoglobin's closer to the surface of the cell |
| What is a hemoglobin? | 4 proteins that iron can connect to |
| What is the issue with free iron? | Can destroy tissues |
| How are stem cells signaled to make RBCs? | Hormone releases from the kidneys when O2 is low |
| What is erythropoiesis? | RBC formation |
Created by:
emilychaltraw