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geography
geography 1st year
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the different layers of the earth? | inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
| what lies on top of the crust | continents |
| what is crust made of | it is made of solid rock |
| what is the mantle made of? | it is made of molten or semi-molten rock called magma. |
| what is the magma in the mantle moved around by | convection currents |
| what is the core of the earth made of? | iron and nickel |
| how hot is the core of the earth | 6000 degrees celcius |
| what is earths crust broken into | plates |
| what are plates with land on top of them called | continental plates |
| what are plates with ocean on top of them called | oceanic plates |
| what is the line where 2 plates meet called | plate boundary |
| what causes plates to move | since the plates sit on top of the mantle when the magma is moved around in the mantle so are the plates |
| describe the process of convection currents | 1. magma is heated in the mantle 2. this magma rises towards the crusts 3. this magma then cools and sinks back into mantle |
| what is the study of plates and their movement called | plate techtonics |
| who was the first person to come up with the idea of plates | Alfred Wegener |
| what did Alfred Wegener call the land, where all the continents were joined together? | Pangaea |
| what is continental drift | when the continents start to drift apart |
| what is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge | where the American plate is seperating from the Eurasion plate |
| what type of boundaries do plates colliding have | destructive boundaries |
| describe what happens when plates collide | plates push against each other until evantually the heavier plate sinks back down into the mantle due to all the pressure, this is called subduction. the lighter plate then rises upwards to form fold mountains. |
| what type of boundaries do plates seperating have | constructive boundaries |
| describe how plates seperate | plates seperate and a gap is formed, magma rises out of the mantle to fill the gap in the crusts magma then cools and hardens to form new crust |
| what is it called when plates seperate underneath the sea | it is called sea-floor spreading |
| what type of boundary do sliding plates have | passive boundaries |
| describe how plates slide past each other | sliding plates are locked together until they release a huge surge of energy and one shoots forward. |
| where does a lot of volcanic activity happen? | the pacific ring of fire |
| what country is most affected by the ring of fire/volcanic activity | Hawaii |
| name a country that was formed from a volcano | Iceland |
| how was Iceland formed | by magma rising through the cracks in the crust and rising above the surface of the ocean |
| how is a volcano formed | a volcano is formed when pressure, temperature, and other natural forces push magma out of a magma chamber until it erupts as lava on the surface of the earth or as a boiling gush under the ocean. |
| what happens when magma reaches the planets surface | it immediately begins to cool and harden |
| what is an earthquake | an earthquake is when plates slide past each other and get stuck for years, then after a while pressure builds up and one shoots forward and causes an earthquake |
| what can happen when plates are pressing or sliding against each other | there can be a build up of pressure along the fault line |
| what is the point on the surface directly above the focus called | the epicentre |
| what is a tremor | a shaking or vibrating movement |
| what is the focus | the location in the earths crust where an earthquake occurs |
| what is an aftershock | small tremors that follow an earthquake |
| what is a seismologist | a person who studies earthquake activity |
| what is a seismograph | an instrument that records the intensity of an earthquake |
| what is the Richter scale | a measure of the intensity of earthquakes |
| what happens when TWO lighter plates both collide | they both buckle upwards |
| is Basalt extrusive, intrusive | extrusive |
| how is basalt formed | when lava spreads out over the surface of the earths crust due to volcanic activity |
| does Basalt have crystals | yes, tiny ones |
| is granite extrusive, intrusive | intrusive |
| why does granite have larger crystals than basalt | because the molten magma that formed granite cooled very slowly over millions of years |
| how is granite formed | when molten magma pushes its way into the crust |
| how is sandstone formed | it is formed from sand that has been worn away from the earths surface |
| what is the most common rock found in Ireland | limestone |
| where do we find sandstone in Ireland | in the macgillicuddy reeks and in the galtee mountains |
| what does permeable mean | this means that water can pass through |
| is limestone permeable | yes |
| is limestone soluble | yes |
| what does soluble mean | that it is able to dissolve in water |
| how can rocks turn into metamorphic rocks | when they are put under great heat or pressure |
| what is the benefit of cutting and polishing marble | the marble can then be used for monuments, floor tiles, fireplaces and ornaments |
| what is quartzite used for | counter tops or road chippings |
| where is quartzite found | on the top of many of Ireland's mountains as it is not easily broken down |
| what is evaporation | when the sun heats up water |
| what ae the three types of rock | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| how are igneous rocks formed | they are formed as a result of volcanic activity |
| how are sedimentary rocks formed | they are formed from particles of other rocks |
| how are metamorphic rocks formed | they are formed from rocks that already exist |
| explain how an intrusive rock would form | when magma escapes the mantle and cools and hardens INSIDE the crust |
| explain how an extrusive rock would form | when magma escapes the mantle and cools and hardens ON THE SURFACE |
| which rock type has different layers | sedimentary |
| what is the colour and texture of Basalt | it is grey/black and medium grained |
| what is basalt used for | road chippings |
| what colours can granite be | black, grey, pink, and cream |
| what is the texture of granite | coarse grained |
| when is granite exposed | when rock lying over it is worn away |
| where can granite be found | mourne Mountains |
| what colour is limestone | grey |
| what texture is limestone | coarse grained |
| what is limestone made from | particles of shells and the remains of skeletons of the sea |
| what type of rock is limestone | sedimentary |
| what type of rock is basalt | igneous |
| what type of rock is granite | igneous |
| what is strata | layers of solid rock |
| what colour and texture is sandstone | reddish/brown and coarse grained |
| what type of rock is sandstone | sedimentary |
| what is sandstone made from | sand that has been deposited in seas, lakes and deserts. |
| where is sandstone used | patios and as building material |
| what type of rock is marble | metamorphic |
| what colour can marble be | white, red, green, black |
| what is marbles texture | smooth |
| how is marble formed | when LIMESTONE is put under great heat or pressure. |
| is marble soft or hard | very hard |
| what colour is the marble in Antrim | white |
| what colour is the marble found in cork | red |
| what colour is the marble found in galway | green |
| what colour is the marble found in kilkenny | black |
| what colour is quartzite | white/grey |
| what texture is quartzite | granular |
| how is quartzite formed | when sandstone is put under great heat or pressure |
| what type of rock is quartzite | metamorphic |
| what are two forces that can change rocks into metamorphic rocks | plate movement or when molten magma comes in contact with the rock |
| what can rocks be used for | energy, coal, oil and gas, building materials |
| what must rocks contain to create energy | fossil fuels |
| where do they mine coal if it is close to the surface | open pits |
| where do they mine coal if it is deeper in the earths crust | underground mines |
| what is the process of extracting coal from the earths crust called | shaft mining |
| where is an example of a coal mine | Castlecomer |
| how are oil and gas extracted from rocks | by drilling and pumping. it involves drilling deep into the earths crust and pumping the oil and gas to the surface |
| how do we extract rock for building materials | quarrying |
| what is quarrying | when large machines cut rock out of the crust or explosives are used to break away rock from the crust |
| what are the rocks that are used as building materials | limestone, sandstone and marble |
| what are 3 positive impacts of mining and quarrying | employment, they support other economic activities by providing materials for them, they provide raw materials |
| what are 3 negative impacts of mining and quarrying | pollution, eyesore, traffic congestion |
| what are economic activities | what people do to earn a living |
| what are the 3 types of economic activities | primary, secondary, tertiary |
| what is a primary activity | working directly with the earths materials eg farmer |
| what is a secondary activity | working to make something |
| what is a tertiary activity | providing a service that is useful to people |
| what is a natural resource | things in the natural world that are useful to people eg rivers, land |
| what is an example of a renewable resource | water |
| what else can renewable resources be called | infinite resources |
| can you use renewable resources over and over again | yes |
| how would renewable resources not run out | if you look after them and use them in a sustainable way |
| how many times can non-renewable resources be used | once |
| what will eventually happen to non-renewable resources | they will eventually run out |
| what else can non-renewable resources be called | finite resources |
| what is an example of a non-renewable resource | oil |
| what is it called when we use natural resources | exploitation |
| what can happen if we over exploit natural resources | they might not be there for future generations |
| what does potable water mean | water that is safe for people and animals to drink |
| what is the recycling of water called | the water cycle |
| what are the 4 main stages in the water cycle | 1 evaporation 2 condensation 3 precipitation 4 run-off |
| when does evaporation occur | when the sun heats up the water in rivers, lakes, oceans, trees, plants and turns it into water vapour |
| when does condensation occur | when the water vapour rises into the air and cools to form a cloud |
| when does precipitation occur | when so water has condensed that the cloud cannot contain it anymore and it gets heavy and releases the water as rain, hail sleet, dew or snow |
| who is responsible for the public water supply in ireland | Irish Water |
| where is an example of a water supply | Limerick City |
| what is the most precious natural resource | water |
| what is irrigation | the artificial watering of the land |
| why is irrigation done | it is done to help crops grow in areas where there is a shortage of rainfall |
| where is an example of an irrigation scheme | Central Valley Project, California |
| why does ireland have a lot of fishing ports | mainly because we are located beside the Atlantic Ocean |
| what is the continental shelf | area of seabed around a continent |
| what are plankton | small and microscopic organisms that fish and whales feed on |
| how can fish be over-exploited | by overfishing |
| what is overfishing | when fish are taken from the water faster than they can reproduce |
| what are the reasons for overfishing | membership of the EU means more people fish in our waters, modern technology, mesh sizes, seasons, quotas |
| explain why modern technology would affect overfishing | it means that fish are easier to locate and catch and the increase of the size of trawlers means they can stay out at sea longer |
| explain why mesh sizes would affect overfishing | mesh size of nets used to bee to small meaning young, underdeveloped fish were being caught |
| explain why seasons would affect overfishing | as there was no closed season for fishing, fish could be caught all year round |
| explain why quotas would affect overfishing | no quotas meant people could fish as many fish as they wanted |
| why are a lot of fish endangered now | because of overfishing |
| what species are under threat in irish waters | cod, herring, haddock |
| what are steps that have been taken to limit the amount of fish being caught | creation of conservation zones, yearly quotas, a ban on fishing certain endangered species, shortening of fishing season, increases in net mesh sizes |
| what does farming provide people with | employment and food supply |
| what per cent of people in ireland are employed in agriculture | 5.7 per cent |
| what is an input in farming | these are things that need to be put into a farm, eg cattle and machinery |
| what are processes in farming | these are tasks or jobs done by the farmer though out the year on his/her farm, eg milking, ploughing, cutting silage |
| what are outputs in farming | these are the products of the farm and what the farmer sells, eg milk, vegetables, livestock |
| how many types of farming are there | 6 |
| what are they types of farming | dairy, arable/tillage, horticulture, pastoral, livestock, mixed |
| what is dairy farming | cows for milk/butter/cheese etc |
| what is arable farming | maize, wheat, barley, etc |
| what is horticulture farming | vegetables, flowers, fruits etc |
| what is pastoral farming | grazing sheep or cattle |
| what is livestock | cattle, sheep, pigs, horses |
| what is mixed farming | livestock, crops, vegetables |
| what is the damage done to the environment by farming | insect sprays can be harmful and can end up in food, fertilizers used on the land can pollute our water, illegal dumping of silage, slurry and sometimes milk can lead to rivers becoming polluted |
| what are the main aims of Common Agricultural Policy CAP | provide income support to farmers, ensure guaranteed market prices for famers, support rural development programmes, provide europe with a good supply of quality food |
| what are farmers rewarded for by CAP | diversifying crops, keeping permanent grassland, must protect water sources |
| how many people does the forestry industry employ | 12,000 |
| what is the natural vegetation of ireland | deciduous forest |
| when do deciduous trees lose their leaves | winter |
| what are example of deciduous trees | beech, birch, oak and ash |
| what are coniferous trees | trees that dont lose their leaves in winter, evergreen trees eg spruce and pine |
| what is deforestation | the clearing of all trees from an area by burning or cutting. the cleared land is then used in other ways |
| what is reforestation | the planting of trees on areas of land that were once covered by forest but were affected by deforestation |
| who is responsible for the development of forestry in Ireland | the forest service of the department of agriculture, food and marine |
| who owns more than half the forests in ireland | the semi-state body Coillte |
| what is a semi-state body | an organization partly owned and run by the government. |
| what does the physical world provide us with | natural resources that we can make energy from |
| what are the two categories of energy resources | non-renewable and renewable |
| what do renewable energy resources include | wind, solar, water, geothermal and biomass |
| what do non-renewable energy resources include | oil, coal, gas and peat |
| where do non-renewable energy resources come from | sources that will eventually run out |
| what were fossil fuels formed from | decomposing plants and organisms |
| what percentage of the worlds energy comes from fossil fuels | 80 per cent |
| what are the advantages of oil | gives off hardly any smoke, produces great heat, very efficient, easily transported |
| what are the disadvantages of oil | expensive, have to import it, must be transported by sea in tankers, oil leaks can cause serious pollution |
| where are the vast majority of oil reserves located | around the Persian Gulf in the Middle East |
| what are oil prices set by | OPEC (organization of the petroleum exporting countries) |
| why would prices fall for oil | because there is a lot of oil available |
| why would prices rise for oil | because it is difficult to access oil because of conflicts in oil-producing countries |
| how much of irelands energy comes from oil | 48% |
| what are the reasons for ireland not exploiting its oil reserves | the location of irish oil makes it very difficult to drill for, the oil may not be of a high quality |
| how much of irelands energy comes from gas | 27% |
| where does irelands natural gas come from | ireland and abroad |
| give example of gas fields in ireland | kinsale head, ballycotton, seven heads gas field, corrib gas field |
| how much of irelands energy comes from gas | 10% |
| what is coal | a solid fuel used to heat many homes |
| where does ESB run a coal-powered station | moneypoint on the shannon estuary in clare |
| what is peat made of | peat is a fuel made of decayed plants and other organic matter found in bogs |
| how much of irelands energy comes from peat | 5.5% |
| what is hydroelectric power | is the creation of electricity by using the force of falling water |
| what is a turbine | a machine where liquid or gas flows through and turns a wheel with blades in order to produce power |
| is HEP the largest or smallest source of renewable energy | largest |
| where are examples of HEP stations | iniscarra dam in cork, Ardnacrusha dam in Clare and the three Gorges dam in China |
| what do HEP stations need | constant supply of water, they need to be built on a slope, must be built on impermeable bedrock, situated in areas with high level of rainfall |
| how do wind turbines work | the force of the wind can be used to turn turbines and create electricity |
| where are modern wind turbines grouped together | wind farms |
| what is the main disadvantage of wind energy | that a constant supply of wind is needed |
| how is solar energy created | using heat and light from the sun |
| what is the biggest renewable energy source in the world | solar energy |
| how is geothermal energy created | by using the heat from the earths crust, water is pumped deep into the earths crust and heated by the rocks, heated water is then pumped back to the surface where it can be used to heat homes |
| what are 2 countries that produce huge amounts of geothermal energy | iceland and new zealand |
| where does biomass energy come from | organic material |
| what are biomass materials used to produce | biofuels |
| what was ireland 1st and largest HEP station | Ardnacrusha |
| when was Ardnacrusha built | 1927 |
| what are the advantages of HEP | can generate cheap, clean + renewable energy, water that builds up behind dam is wall can be used for water supply, water behind dam wall known as reservoir can act as a leisure facility, building of the dam can prevent flooding |
| what are the disadvantages of HEP | creation of a reservoir behind the dam might mean loss of a good farmland |
| how much of irelands electricity is generated from hydroelectricity | 2.5% |
| why is ireland the ideal location for the production of wind energy | because it is located on the edge of europe |
| where are the majority of wind farms located | upland areas |
| why are wind farms mostly situated in isolate areas | to prevent visual pollution of the landscape |
| what are many of our wind farms located on | cut-away bogs |
| what is irelands largest wind farm | Galway Wind Park |
| how much of our electricity is produced by wind | 20% |
| what are the advantages of wind energy | clean energy source, cuts cost of energy, creates employment |
| what are the disadvantages of wind energy | wind is unreliable, very expensive, noise and visual pollution, can be dangerous for local wildlife, mass movement |
| what are the 3 main impacts of fossil fuel use | global warming, acid rain, smog |
| what is happening to the earths temperature every year | it is gradually rising |
| what does burning fossil fuels cause an increase in | greenhouse gases |
| what do greenhouse gases do | trap the suns heat in the atmosphere, causing temperatures to rise. |
| how is acid rain formed | when sulfur dioxide + nitrogen oxide are released into the atmosphere |
| what happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with water vapour | it falls as acid rain |
| what is normal's rain pH | around 5.6 |
| what is acid rain's pH | around 4 meaning it is very acidic |
| what are problems caused by acid rain | can wash nutrients from the soil, can wipe out fish stocks in lakes, forests become vulnerable to disease, cities can be damaged as the chemicals in acid rain attack old buildings. |
| what are solutions to acid rain | use more renewable and clean energy, use natural gas instead of coal because it is cleaner, use filters on coal and oil power stations to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions, tax cars with high emissions, encourage people to use public transport |
| how is smog formed | smoke from burning fossil fuels causes air pollution, these gases mix with sunlight and its heat and smog is formed |
| why is smog called smog | because it looks life fog and is caused by smoke |
| what is weathering | its the breaking down of rocks and soil that are exposed to the weather |
| what are the 2 types of weathering | chemical and mechanical |
| what is an example of mechanical weathering | freeze thaw action/frost action |
| what is the difference between chemical + mechanical weathering | mechanical weathering breaks up rocks by putting pressure on them and chemical weathering dissolves rocks because of a chemical reaction |
| where does freeze thaw action normally occur | high up in mountainous areas where there is a lot of precipitation |
| what is erosion | erosion is the breaking down of rocks and soil and the transportation of the eroded material |
| what is erosion caused by | moving water, moving ice, moving air |
| what are temperatures that repeatedly rise and fall | fluctuating temperatures |
| explain freeze thaw action | during day, water seeps into cracks in rock, at night temperatures fall below freezing point, water in cracks freezes and expands by 9% putting pressure on the rock, this process continues over time, widening the cracks and joints in the rock causing it t |
| where does scree often build up | at the base of a slope |
| what is an example of chemical weathering | carbonation |
| what gas does the atmosphere contain | carbon dioxide |
| when rainwater and carbon dioxide mix what do they form | a weak carbonic acid |
| why does weak carbonic acid have a huge effect on limstone | because limestone is 80% calcium carbonate. |
| when the weak carbonic acid reacts with the calcium carbonate in limestone what happens | the limestone dissolves |
| where does carbonation occur | in areas where bare limestone rock is exposed to the weather |
| where is an example of a karst landscape | the burren in clare |
| how was the soil removed from the Burren | by ice sheets in the last ice age |
| what is the surface of a karst landscape called | limestone pavement |
| how is limestone pavement formed | rainwater falls onto exposed limestone and passes through vertical cracks or joints in the limestone, carbonation makes the joints wider by dissolving the calcium carbonate in the limestone, |
| what are grooves or gaps called in limestone pavement | grikes |
| what are the blocks left in between limestone called | clints |
| how is a swallow hole formed | as rivers flow over limestone, water widens the joints in the rock through carbonation, eventually the river disappears from the surface and begins to flow underground, along the bedding planes, carbonation and the physical force of the water enlarge the |
| what is the name of the swallow hole in the Burren | Pollnagollum |
| what is the physical force of moving water called | hydraulic action |
| how are stalactites formed | when water seeps through rock, it brings dissolved limestone with it, some of this water eventually reaches the roof of a cave or cavern, the drops slowly evaporate and leave behind small deposits of calvcite, gradually the calcite builds up to form stala |
| how are stalagmites formed | drops of water may also seep through rock and fall on the ground, water evaporates leaving small deposits of calcite on the ground, calcite buildsup forming stalagmites |
| what is a pillar | when a stalagmite and stalactite meet and join after many years. |
| what is the loose material that weathering and erosion produce | regolith |
| what is mass movement | when regolith moves down a slope due to gravity |
| what are the factors that affect mass movement | gradient, water content, human activity, vegetation, animals |
| what does gradient mean | it refers to the steepness of a slope |
| what does water content do | it makes the regolith heavier, heaver regolith moves down slopes faster |
| what does human activity do | when people dig into the slope it makes the slope more steep and unstable |
| what does vegetation do | grass and shrubs protect the soil from weathering and erosion, roots of plant keep the soil stable, this prevents mass movement |
| what do animals do | burrowing animals can make the slope unstable, and grazing animals can overgraze removing the vegetation cover, exposing the soil |
| what are the types of mass movement | soil creep, bog bursts, mudflows, landslides, avalanches |
| what is soil creep | movement of soil down a slope due to the influence of gravity |
| what is a bog burst | occurs when a mass of bog or peat moves down a slope after a period of heavy rainfall |
| what are mudflows | occurs when soil and regolith become saturated with water after heavy periods of rainfall and move downslope like a river of mud |
| what is a mudflow called if it occurs in the aftermath of a volcano | a lahar |
| what is a landslide | the rapid movement of regolith down a steep slope that has become unstable |
| what are the causes of landslides | coastal erosion, deforestation, heavy rainfall, earthquakes and under-cutting |
| what is an avalanche | rapid movement of snow and ice downslope when the weight of the snow is too much for the slope to hold |
| what can you use to control mass movement | vegetation can be planted, steps can be built into a slope to trap moving material, restricting overgrazing, controlled explosions |
| why would you do a controlled explosion | to trigger smaller avalanches which would make a very big avalanche less likely to happen. |
| what do secondary economic activities involve | making or manufacturing something |
| what do secondary economic activities work as | as a system of inputs, processes, and outputs |
| give an example of an input for a secondary economic activity | electricity, machinery, workers |
| give an example of a process for a secondary economic activity | measuring, cutting, welding |
| give an example of an output for a secondary economic activity | tables, beams, shelves |
| what are factors that influence the location of a factory | raw materials, markets, transport facilities, labour force, services, government policy, personal preferences |
| why would a factory need to be located close to raw materials | if the raw materials are big and heavy, the factory may need to be located close to them |
| why would a factory locate close to a market | because markets are where factories sell their products |
| why would a factory locate close to transport facilities | so they can transport their finished products to the market |
| why would a factory locate close to services | because they need access to electricity, water, sewage treatment, waste disposal, telephone, broadband and wi-fi |
| why would a factory locate close to government policy | because governments do many things to encourage companies to set up in their country |
| what is a function | the function of something is the service it provides |
| what is a heavy industry | raw materials and products being made in heavy industry are big + heavy |
| what is a light industry | products being made in a light industry are light and small |
| what is an example of a heavy industry | RUSAL Aughinish Alumina |
| what is an example of a light industry | Apple |
Created by:
mollyco