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AICP
AICP Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Riverside, IL What is it? What year was it designed? Who designed it? | Was the first model for a curved street suburb. Was built/designed in 1869 Olmstead Sr. and Calvert Vaux |
| When was the City Efficient movement? | 1910-1940 |
| Who designed Central Park? | Olmstead Sr. and Calvert Vaux |
| Pullman, IL What is it? What year was it designed? Who planned it? | A model industrial town. Built in 1880 George Pullman |
| Which city had the first major tenement housing controls? And what years were these implemented? | New York City 1867-1869 |
| What was known as the "White City"? | Colombian Exposition in Chicago (1893) |
| What are two traditions of "Radical Planning"? | 1. Structural critique of legit political and economic power structures. (Robert Krausher - Outside the Whale). 2. Spontaneous activism guided by community self-reliance and mutual aid. (Saul Alinksy) |
| What is the McMillan Plan? Location? Year designed? Planner? | McMillan Plan was an update to L 'Efants Plan Washington D.C. 1902 Daniel Burnham and Olmstead Jr. |
| Which city had the first official and permanent local planning board? What year? | Hartford, CT 1907 |
| Philadelphia, PA used what type of colonial street system? Who designed it? And what year? | Grids and Parks William Penn and Thomas Holme 1682 |
| What is "Rational Planning"? | Planning structured of a decision making process that seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals with careful consideration of potential consequences of alternatives. Rational planning is typically focused on the "ends" to "means" approach. |
| Who wrote "The Urban General Plan"? And what year? | TJ Kent 1964 |
| Who planned the "Worlds Fair " in Chicago? | Daniel Burnham and Olmstead Sr. |
| Savannah, GA used what type of colonial street system? Who designed it? And what year? | Ward Park System Oglethorpe 1733 |
| When was the Settlement Housing movement? | 1890-1930 |
| When was the Colombian Exposition? | 1893 |
| What is Techwood Homes? And what year? | The nation's first public housing project 1936 |
| Annapolis, MD used what type of colonial street system? Who designed it? And what year? | Radiocentric Francis Nicolason 1695 |
| When did the AIP and ASPO merge to become APA? | 1978 |
| Describe "Interests are Plural" | 1. Includes community, power, and social justice. 2. Started in the 1960's. 3. Includes marginalized interests. 4. Started both Advocacy and Radical Planning. |
| What planning theory emerged in the 1950's and 1960's? | Coherent Theory |
| When was the Garden City movement? | 1900-1940 |
| Who wrote the book "Silent Spring"? | Rachel Carson |
| What are three measures of central tendency? | Mean, Median, and Mode |
| What is Centennial Place (1996)? | The nations first mixed income, master planned community with a public housing component. |
| When was the Parks movement? | 1850-1890 |
| Who wrote the book "Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest"? | Martin Meyerson and Edward Banfield |
| When was the City Beautiful movement? | 1890-1930 |
| What is mean? | Sum of all items divided by the number of total items. |
| What are three Garden Cities? | Letchworth Wewlyn Greenbelt, MD |
| What is median? | Sort the items from high to low, select the middle, if the middle is two items, then you take the average of those. |
| What is mode? | The numeric that occurs most often. |
| What is Wewlyn? | A Garden City built from 1919-1934. Wewlyn introduced the "super block". |
| What is Letchworth? | A Garden City built from 1903-1920. |
| What is Greenbelt, MD? | A Garden City built from 1930-1937. Greenbelt, MD introduced the a public cooperative. |
| What year was NEPA enacted? | 1969 |
| Who is the father of modernism? | Le Corbusier |
| What is the enterprise zone/empowerment community? When? | Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities. 1993 |
| What does modernism entail? | -Radically efficient physical and social order -Open floor plans, walls independent of structures -Utopian design for public housing |
| What are the six steps in a structured decision making process? | 1. Identify goals 2. Identify alternatives 3. Evaluate consequences 4. Choose an alternatives 5. Implement 6. Evaluate |
| What does NEPA stand for? | National Environmental Policy Act |
| What state first mandated that planning is mandatory for local governments and that planning boards are required? When? | Massachusetts 1913 |
| Who is affiliated with Broadacre City? | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| What is Advocacy Planning? | -The planner is a value neutral tech. Public interest is plural, not unitary. Planning should represent diverse interests |
| Which state has the most endangered species? | Hawaii (100) |
| What city had the first comprehensive zoning ordinance? When? | New York City 1916 |
| What is Urban Design? | Planning that is uniquely concerned with the build environment, particularly urban for. |
| What is TND? | Traditional Neighborhood Development -Usually designed to the principals of New Urbanism |
| What is the Contingency Theory? | -Planning is a professional act that occurs within a political community. -Planners must respond through different approaches and methods -Approaches depend on the agreement of goals and uncertainty |
| What is Title V of the Clean Air Act (1990)? | Includes permitting, specifically NSR Program (New Source Review) |
| What is Broadacre City? | -A response to Le Corbusier's "Radiant City" -Proposed to replace dense small industrial cities with small cities (less than 10k) -Each small city will have a cultural and educational center -Goal was for each small city to become one with nature |
| The American City Planning Institute was established when and in what city? | 1917 Kansas City |
| Who is the father of Advocacy Planning? | Paul Davidoff (Advocacy, Planning and Pluralism) |
| What is TOD? | Transit Oriented Development -Typically designed around existing and future transit with specific consideration given to support transit. |
| What is NEPA not designed to do? | 1. Not designed to describe which alternative to choose. 2. Not designed to prevent environmental impacts from happening. 3. Prohibit any actions |
| What is infill development? | A project within an existing area. |
| Water Pollution Control Act | -1948 -Federal role limited to expertise and advice to the States |
| What is New Urbanism? | An allied interdisciplinary movement that focuses on urban design and the physical form of places (Seaside, FL) |
| Which plan allocated the first in the nation low- moderate income housing on a fair basis? When? | Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan 1970 |
| What are the four fundamentals of internal organizational management? | 1. Team building/staff training, 2. Planning office culture, 3. Strategic planning, and, 4. Organizational budgeting and financial management |
| A mission statement does what? | Clarify's why an organization exists. |
| As part of the AICP Code of Ethics, what are some of the responsibilities we owe to our clients and employers? | -Independent and professional judgement -Accept decisions of clients/employers (except if illegal or inconsistent with the public interest) -Avoid conflict of interest |
| What college offered the first course in City Planning? When? | -Harvard School of Landscape and Architecture -1909 |
| What are the six AICP Code of Ethics advisory rulings? | Sexual harassment , Conflict of interest, Moonlighting, Providing full information, Duties to help enforce code, Disclosure |
| What is point source pollutants? | Water or air pollutants discharges from an effluent pipe, smokestack, or tailpipe |
| These are specific regulations focused more on shaping the form and development rather than the uses it in. | Form-Based Codes |
| What does Section 402 of the Clean Water Act deal with? | NPDES Permitting, including the Phase I/II MS4 Permits |
| What was the Hope VI? When? | Hope VI replaced severely distressed public housing with mixed income housing allowing some to obtain rental housing vouchers in the private market (similar to Section 8) Cost $5 billion 1992 |
| As part of the AICP Code of Ethics, what are some of the responsibilities we owe to the public? | 1. Concern for long-range consequences, 2.Timely, adequate, clear, accurate info, 3. Seek social justice, 4. Promote excellence of design, 5. Deal fairly with participants, 6. Give people meaningful opportunity, 7. Conscious rights of others |
| What does the AICP Commission do? | Publish annual report of ethics matters. |
| What is Transactive Planning? Who founded it? | -Planning carried out face to face -Emphasizes processes of personal and organizational development -John Freidman |
| How many titles are in the Clean Air Act Amendments (1990)? | 9 |
| What are the four concepts of making external relationships? | 1. Customer service, 2. Relationship with planning partners, 3. Boards and Commissions, 4. Transparency, open records, confidentiality |
| Section B of the AICP Code of Ethics includes what? | -Rules of Conduct. You can be charged due to misconduct And can lose your certification |
| Who designed the Sector Theory? When? | Homer Hoyt 1939 |
| What is Berman vs. Parker? What year? | The US Supreme Court upheld DC redevelopment land agency to condemn unsightly, though non-deteriorated properties in accordance with area redevelopment plan, 1954 |
| What is the counter new deal? Who enacted it? When? | Reduced federal domestic spending, Privatization, Strong property rights, De-regulation , State interest, by Ronald Reagan in 1980 |
| Who developed the communicative seven step model of planning practice? | Lawrence Susskind |
| What does the AICP Ethics Officer do? | Deals with complaint filings and decision. |
| What are the six elements to an Environmental Impact Statement? | 1. Current conditions 2. Adverse impact that cant be avoided 3. Alternatives to the proposed action 4. Relationship between short term use 5. Any irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources 6. Mitigation |
| What are the three challenges to Synoptic (Comprehensive) Rationality in Planning? | 1. Problems are wicked (not subject to optimization) 2. Knowledge is limited (not subject to comprehensive consideration) 3. Interests are plural (public interest is subject to oversimplification and biased |
| What are the three AICP aspirational principles? | 1. Responsibility to the public 2. Responsibility to clients and employer 3. Responsibility to the profession and colleagues |
| What is the Housing and Community Development Act? When was it created? | -Replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as a form of federal aid for local community development, 1974 |
| Where was the first regional plan? Who designed it? | -Chicago, The Chicago Plan, 1909, by Daniel Burnham |
| What are the four corners of integrity? | 1. Truthfulness/Trustworthiness 2. Consistency/Predictability 3. Legitimacy/Accountability 4. Impartiality/Objectivity |
| Who created the citizen participation ladder and what are the eight steps? | -Shelly Arnstein 1. Manipulation 2. Therapy 3. Informing 4. Consultation 5. Placation 6. Partnership 7. Delegated Power 8. Citizen control |
| What occurred during the mass migration of the 1950s to the1970s? | Inner city whites went to the suburb, Northern whites went from the rustbelt to the sunbelt, African-Americans from WWI and WWII left the south |
| What is the AICP Code of Ethics Appeals process? | 1. The complainant or respondent can appeal 2. 30 days notice of appeal 3. 14 days for Statement of Appeal 4. 30 days for other party to respond 5. Decision by Ethics Committee |
| What is placemaking? | The process of using urban design to reinforce the existing identity of a place, or define a new identity. |
| Section A of the AICP Code of Ethics includes what? | -A statement of Aspirational Principles -If you do not follow this, you cannot be the subject of a misconduct charge or have disciplinary action |
| What if there is not a settlement during an AICP Ethics investigation? | An Ethics Officer may render a decision or call for a hearing. This can result in: -Letter of adomination -Public reprimand -Suspension of membership - Permanent expulsion from AICP |
| When was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act established? What does it do? | 1972, Inaugurated general revenue sharing |
| What is the public realm? | -Publicly owned spaces between buildings -Streets -Parks and open space -Civic buildings |
| What is NEPA? | -National Environmental Policy Act -1969 -Establishes a process to review Federal projects and policies that could impact the environment -NEPA created Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) -Inlcudes Environmental Impact Statement |
| Who wrote the 1960 book Image of the City? What did it focus on? What are five elements in the book? | Kevin Lynch, Urban Designs and imageability 1. Paths 2. Edges 3. Nodes 4. Districts 5. Landmarks |
| What American planner rose to power in the 1920's? | Robert Moses |
| What is the Coastal Zone Management Act? | -Provides federal funding, guidelines, and techincal hlep for 30 coastal and great lake states -Administered by NOAA -1972 |
| What is social learning? | Planning seen a integral to a dynamic system of social change and learning. |
| What are the three years of the Clean Water Act? | 1972, 1977, 1987 |
| Who came up with the Multiple Nuclei Model? When? | Harris and Ullman, 1945 |
| What court case did the Supreme Court uphold comprehensive zoning? What year? | -Euclid vs. Ambler Realty, 1926 |
| As part of the AICP Code of Ethics, what are some of the responsibilities we owe to our profession and colleagues? | -Protect integrity of profession, Educate public on planning, Fairly comment on professionals' work, Not accept customary approaches, Share results of experience and research, Contribute to professional development, Enhance education |
| What does Section 303.D of the Clean Water Act include? | Total Maximum Daily Load Standards (TMDL's) |
| What is a process for filing an AICP Complaint? | Submit to Ethics Officer, 30 days for preliminary review, 30 days to notify named AICP member, 30 days for accused to respond, 14 days for complainant to respond, 15 days for complainant and respondent to provide additional info, settlement |
| What is NEPA designed to do? | -Require agency and public participation -Require disclosure anout the action, alternatives, env. effects, and mitigation -Notify the public of environmental concerns -Require env. impacts to be considered during planning and decision making |
| Who thought that planning consists of a sequence of tasks and a choice of planning theory? | Davidoff and Reiner (1963) |
| Influence decision making is in what four categories? | 1. Public 2. Governing authority 3. Administration 4. Planning Department |
| How many AICP Rules of Conduct are there? | 26 |
| Who founded the Concentric Zone Theory? When? | -Burgess (aka The Burgess Model) -1925 |
| What is a non-point source air pollution? | From normal air events such as wildfires, secondary air pollutants form in the atmosphere from primary source. |
| What year was the Standard City Enabling Act established? | 1928 |
| How long does the AICP have to respond to a formal advisory opinion? | 90 days |
| Who viewed planning as a society of a complex organism? | Rexford Tugwell |
| Who wrote the Death and Life of Great American Cities? Why? | -Jane Jacobs -To prevent Robert Moses planning the cross Manhattan roadway |
| What is the primary obligation of a planner? | To serve the public interest |
| What is the Water Pollution Control Act of 1956? | -Research on interstate pollution control -Grants for wastewater treatment facilities |
| What is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)? | -RCRA is intended to protect water supplies from the disposal of solid waste and empowers EPA to set minimum national standards -Regulates the location of landfills, operating procedures, and monitors groundwater |
| When was the State Standard Zoning Enabling Act established? | 1926 |
| What is communicative rationality? What does it place emphasis on? | -Planning is fundamentally linked to clarification of interests -Emphasis on: 1. Transparency 2. Inclusiveness 3. Truth-Seeking |
| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is what? | -Superfund Law -Requires the EPA to identify hazardous waste sites -1980 |
| What is the Garden City movement? Who founded it? | -Bound city with ag. integrated the two through a belt -Community ownership of the land -Public revenue based on rents, not taxes -Social reform -Ebeneezar Howard |
| Safe Drinking Water Act What two years? What is it? | -1974 and 1986 -A national health-based standards for drinking water |
| What is incrementalism? Who founded it? | -Planning is less scientific and comprehensive and more politically interactive and experimental -Charles Lindblom (1959) |
| What is the EPA? When was it founded? | -Environmental Protection Agency -1970 |
| Who created the Normative Procedural Theory? When? | -Andreas Faludi -1973 |
| Two examples of leadership include what? | 1. Influence decision making in the public interest 2. Strategic Decision making |
| What is utopianism? | -Sought to create a good society through intentional communities -Planned imaginative visions rooted in moral philosophy -Focused on ends, not pragmatic means -Eventually failed |
| What is non-point source water pollution? | Numerous and diverse land use and ag. activities such as stormwater runoff |
| What is the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act? When? | -Identifies earthquake zones -Sets design standards -Under FEMA in 1977 |
| Who wrote the Garden Cities of Tomorrow? | Ebeneezar Howard |
| What is Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments (1990)? | -National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) -NAAQS have established six pollutants -Established the Air Quality Framework |
| Section 404 of the Clean Water Act deals with what? | Wetlands Permitting |
| What is the dominant land use in the U.S.? | Agriculture |
| How many Native American reservations are there? | 326 |
| What is the average per capita per day water usage? | 50 gallons |
| What are the 6 key pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act? | 1. Nitrogen Oxide 2. Carbon Monoxide 3. Lead 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Ozone 6. Particulates |
| Who wrote Man vs. Nature (1864)? | George Perkins Marsh, inspired the conservationist movement |
| Who founded the Sierra Club? When? | John Muir 1892 |
| Who wrote Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the U.S.? (1878) | John Wesley Powell, proposal to foster settlement and conserve water in the arid west |
| When was the USGS formed, and why? | 1897, to survey and classify all public domain lands |
| What is the largest concrete structure in the US? | Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River in central Washington State, built for irrigation, electric power generation, and flood control |
| What is a conservation easement? | Separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land |
| When was the first Earth Day? | April 22, 1970 |
| What is CAFE (1975)? | Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks and passenger cars |
| Agins vs. Tiburon (1980) | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that open space requirements established by the City of Tiburon did not result in a taking of property; Established the principle that a governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate gov |
| Babbit vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon (1996) | U.S. Supreme Court decided that the government can restrict land development to protect endangered species and their habitats, and it does not constitute a taking; Harm includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures wildlif |
| Palazzolo vs. State of Rhode Island | U.S. Supreme Court decided that environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped salt marsh (wetlands) did not remove all economically viable use of the land and therefore this regulation was not a taking |
| Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA, 1991) | Required coordination between states and metropolitan areas for air quality standards; created program to earmark funds for scenic byways and historic preservation to address community-wide impacts of transportation |
| Number of endangered species? | 1,200 |
| Preservation v. conservation | Preservation of wilderness (Muir), vs. Conservation (wise use of natural resources, Pinchot) |
| How has average size of single family detached homes changed over last 50 years? | ~1,100SF → 2,340 SF |
| What is effluent? | The treated wastewater discharged by sewage treatment plants |
| What is Moraine? | Glacial deposit of rock and soil |
| What is Limnology? | The study of the chemical, hydrological and biological aspects of lakes and ponds |
| What is a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)? | Highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, and solvents that readily evaporate |
| How many sf in 1 acre? | 43,560 sq ft |
| When was the first national conference on City planning? | 1909, Washington DC |
| First off-street parking regulations? | Columbus, OH 1923 |
| First Historic Preservation Commission? | New Orleans, 1921 (French Quarter) |
| First national park? | Yellowstone, 1872 |
| How many feet in a mile? | 5,280 feet = 1 mile |
| First National wildlife refuge? | Florida, 1903 |
| Advocacy planning (radical), associated w who? | Sherry Arnstein (Ladder of Participation, 1969), Paul Davidoff (planners as advocates, not neutral technocrats) |
| First limited access highway? | Bronx River Parkway |
| Radiant City | LeCorbusier, 1920s, Large scale grid of arterial streets, superblocks composed of high-rise towers and individual zones for each use type |
| Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission (1987) | Takings clause was violated when public agency would grant the Nollans a permit to build a house only if they provided a public easement on their beachfront property; Land-use regulation amounted to a taking |
| Growth Machine Theory | John Logan and Harvey Molotch, 1987, Proposed that urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community who control the resources and have business and political interests that benefit from development |
| Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) | Takings; Coastal zone protection prohibited building a house on shorefront; U.S. Supreme Court found that regulations that deny all economic use of property constitute a taking (unless existing state prop and nuisance law prohibit such use |
| City of Ladue vs. Gilleo (1994) | Freedom of speech; City could not ban posting a non-commercial window sign in own residence (anti-gulf war sign) |
| Golden vs. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972) | Growth management; Local govts can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are necessary, and should precede additional subdivision development |
| Southern Burlington NAACP vs. Township of Mount Laurel (1975, 1983) | Housing, Fair Share |
| Kelo v City of New London (2005) | Eminent domain; Economic development is a public use for which the power of eminent domain may be exercised when part of an integrated development plan |
| Lingle vs. Chevron (2005) | Takings; Removed the “substantially advances” test (basis of Agins v Tiburon) to identify regulatory taking; Relevant test if whether due process clause has been violated; Affirms that regulatory taking occurs when regs destroy all economic value |
| City of Rancho Palos Verde vs. Abrams | Telecommunications Act |
| Rules for Radicals, Community Organizing, “Organization of organizations” | Saul Alinsky |
| Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) | Proper design of built environment can reduce fear and incidence of crime (and can increase business activity) |
| Radburn, NJ | Stein and Wright, 1928; inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept; Forerunner of New Deal’s Greenbelt towns |
| Ethics: Procedure: | Transparency, Disclosure, Documentation |
| Ethics: Who makes the final determination in a charge of ethics misconduct? | The AICP Ethics Committee |
| How should communications regarding specific ethics situation be handled? | Phone or mail, not unreliable email |
| When did current AICP Ethics Code take effect? | June 2005 |
| Endangered Species Act year? | 1973 |
| What year was American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established? | 1934 |
| Pennsylvania Coal vs Mahon (1922) | U.S. Supreme Court, Established that land use regulation might be a taking if it goes too far. This case also overturned the ban on subsurface mining. |
| Delphi method | Public participation (RAND), Uses successive rounds of questions to work towards greater clarification 1) Identify needs/goals/jectives or alternatives; 2) establish priorities, group preferences, differences among diverse reference groups; 3) educating a |
| First regional planning agency? | Atlanta, 1949 |
| First comprehensive city plan officially adopted by major US city? | Cincinnati Plan, 1925 |
| Fred French Investing Co vs. City of New York (1976) | Transfer of Development Rights |
| Dolan vs. City of Tigard (1994) | US Supreme Court, Takings, commission required Dolan to maintain greenway on hardware store property; Ruling in favor of Dolan, established principle of rational nexus for regulatory action |
| Hadacheck vs. Sebastian (1915) | US Supreme court ruled that restricting certain nuisances land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power; Upheld ordinance in LA prohibiting operation of brickyard |
| Construction Indust. Assn. of Sonoma County vs. City of Petaluma (1971) | Limit on the number of building permits for single-family homes issued each year; upheld by court of appeals on ground that it sought to preserve small town character and open space and promote growth at an “orderly” rate” |
| Young v. American Mini Theaters (1976) | US Supreme Court upheld Detroit “adult zoning” ordinance that prohibited location of adult movie theaters in proximity to each other and residential area; Court argued that it did not restrain speech but only maintain neighborhood character |
| Penn Central Transportation Co. vs. City of New Yok (1978) | US Supreme Court found historic preservation to be a valid public purpose; Upheld LPC’s denial of request to develop over Grand Central (a designated historic landmark); Penn Central could have TDR’d |
| First urban growth boundary? | Lexington and Fayette County, KY (1958) |
| Metromedia Inc. vs. City of San Diego (1981) | US Supreme Court struck down ordinance that banned com and non-com off-site billboards yet permitted on-site signage as violation of free speech |
| Zoning | Exercise of police power, which means government’s right to impose regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare |
| Transect zoning | continuum of 6 zones from rural to urban |
| Euclidean zoning | Specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity; Does not allow for mix of uses |
| Performance zoning | focuses on the intensity of development that is acceptable and its impact on the environment; does not deal with use but with how development impacts the surrounding area |
| Exactions | Costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop in a community (i.e. contribution of land, facilities or funding); Extractions reflect the costs that a dev is projected to impose on a community |
| 5th Amendment | Prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without paying just compensation to the property owner (14th Amendment deals with due process in taking) |
| Variance is permissible when | Hardship inherent in the physical characteristics of the land (although often misconstrued as alleviation of financial hardship) |
| Spur Industries vs. Del E Webb Development Co. (1972) | Preexisting feedlot became a nuisance for a newer residential area; state court of appeals ruled that feedlot should move to accommodate additional urban development; developers required to pay expenses and damages |
| City Council vs. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984) | US Supreme Court ruled that LA violated free speech by banning noncommercial signage on public property |
| City of Renton vs. Playtime Theaters (1986) | US Supreme Court upheld zoning ordinance that prohibited adult theaters within 1,000 feet of residence etc because it did not violate free speech because it didn’t altogether prohibit use in the city |
| First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale vs. County of Los Angeles (1987) | Flood damaged campgrounds, and LA prohibited construction in flood area; U.S. Supreme Court found that just compensation required for “temporary damages” for time btwn law adoption and determination of unconstitutional taking |
| Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council vs. Tahoe Regional Planning Association (2002) | US Supreme Court upheld the use of development moratoria and said that a moratorium is not necessarily a taking of property requiring compensation |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the rectangular land survey of the NW Territory |
| Housing Act of 1949 | Established the basis for Urban Renewal |
| Housing Act of 1954 | Established Section 701 planning grants to local govts |
| 4 Steps of Hazard Mitigation Planning | 1) Mitigation planning, to minimize damage; 2) Preparation planning; 3) Response planning; 4) Recovery planning |
| Subsidence | Gradual sinking of land, sometimes due to excessive groundwater pumping in surface drainage patters due to urbanization |
| Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) | Multi-year scheduling of public physical improvements based on fiscal analysis and population projections; Typically covers next 5 - 6 year period; Addresses long-term community needs |
| Detention vs. Retention? | Detention systems Temporarily hold the water for gradual release to a stream or storm sewer; Retention maintains a permanent pool of water |
| Transportation Improvement Programs (TIP) | Multimodal listing of highway, public transit, bicycle and pedestrian improvements and transportation emission reduction measures for which fed funds have been earmarked in particular region (in effect for 3-5yrs) |
| How large is a Traffic Analysis Zone? | Typically the size of a census tract |
| Cartway | The street right of way that is traveled; this does not include the curb |
| What are 4 steps of a travel demand model? | 1) Trip generation; 2) Trip distribution; 3) modal split; 4) trip assignment in network |
| What household type makes the most number of trips? The fewest? | Most--single fam home; Least--retirement homes |
| What is peak parking space factor for shopping center? | 1.0 - 5.0 spaces per 1,000 SF of GLA |
| What is peak parking space factor for offices? | 0.5 - 3.0 spaces per 1,000 SF of GLA, or 0.1 - 0.75 spaces per employee |
| What is peak parking space factor for a hotel? | 0.2 - 1.5 spaces per room |
| What is peak parking space factor for a restaurant? | 5 - 25 spaces per 1,000 SF of GLA |
| What is peak parking space factor for residential? | 0.2 - 2.0 spaces per unit |
| Where/when was first subway? | Boston, 1897 |
| National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956) | Eisenhower; Construction funding through Highway Trust Fund (from taxes on new vehicles and gas); Largest public works project in the nation’s history |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA 1990) | Required mass transit systems to be accessible and paratransit for those who cannot drive or use public transit |
| What is Concurrency? | Some states (i.e. FL) require that planning and commitments for transportation and infrastructure be linked with planning and commitments for other functions such as growth, water supply, or education |
| Park size stds according to the National Recreation and Parks Association | Regional park - at least 250 acres (or 5 acres for every 1,000 people); Community park - at least 20 acres (or 3 acres for every 1,000 people); Neighborhood park - at least 5 acres (or ? acres per 1,000 people) |
| Cluster development/cluster zoning | May protect green space by allowing higher density development on some sections of a parcel of land and non on other sections of the parcel |
| Location quotient | Measures the concentration of industry in an geographic area relative to a larger area (% of workers employed by the industry in the sample area divided by the % of workers employed in the same industry in the larger area); LQ>1 means product exported, LQ |
| Shift-share analysis | Use to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors; Used to distinguish btwn the effices of national and local economic trends |
| Special districts (i.e. water, sewer) | Special-purpose governments that generally serve a single purpose and are geographically defined; May levy taxes and issue debt and employ user charges as financial mechanism |
| First city to enact Historic Preservation Ordinance? | Charleston, SC (1931) |
| US v Gettysburg Electric Railway (1896) | First sig. legal case about historic pres; Supreme Court ruled that acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose |
| Antiquities Act (1906) | First law to provide fed protection for archaeological and historic sites; allowed designation of National Monuments |
| National Historic Preservation Act (1966) | Est. National Register of Historic Places; Provide (sect. 106) for protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities |
| James Rouse | Columbia, MD (1960s); Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; Introduced festival marketplaces to dying downtowns (Faneuil Hall, Inner Harbor in Baltimore, South Street Seaport); Grandfather of Edward Norton |
| US v Gettysburg Electric Railway (1896) | First sig. legal case about historic pres; Supreme Court ruled that acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose |
| William H. Whyte | Also wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)--what factors contribute to succesful urban spaces; Emphasized importance of env psychology and sociology in urban design |
| Allan Jacobs | Great Streets (1995) - analyzed quality and quantity of features that characterize great streets around the world |
| Edge Cities (1991) | Joel Garreau, defined as a distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago, that has at least 5M SF of leasable office space, 600K SF of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms |
| Edgeless Cities (2002) | Dominant urban form with large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or transit |
| When/how/who Philadelphia planned? | William Penn, late 1600s, as rectangular grid with 4 public squares (now parks) and a town square |
| When/how/who Washington DC planned? | Pierre L’Enfant, 1701, radial streets over a gridiron pattern; Applied principles on monumental design |
| First skyscraper | 1885, Chicago; structural steel made skyscraper possible |
| Letchworth, England | 1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to the New Town movement in the US Greenbelt towns |
| Forest Hills Gardens | Olmsted Jr, 1911; Influenced Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept |
| Mariemont, OH | John Nolen, 1923-1936; foreshadows New Urbanism (short blocks, mix of housing tenures) |
| Greenbelt towns | Gov’t sponsored towns based on Garden Cities in 1930s; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI; Greenbelt, MD |
| Regional Plan for New York City and Its Environs (1929) | Included explanation by Clarence Perry of neighborhood unit concept |
| Park Forest, IL | 1947-1947 construction; First privately financed planned community in the US |
| New Towns | Post-WWII; Reston, VA; Columbia, MD |
| NYC Tenement House Law (1897) | Required buildings to provide only narrow airshaft btwn adjacent structures and only two toilets on each floor (called dumbbell tenements bc of their shape) |
| NYC Tenement House Law (1901) | Outlawed the dumbbell design and allowd for only 70% lot coverage; Required toilets and running water in each unit, and improved lighting and ventilation |
| National Housing Act (1934) | Established federal insurance of savings deposits; Created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to underwrite mortgage insurance (with strict requirements for type and location home, and owner) |
| Gautreaux | 1976 housing voucher program for public housing residents to move to suburbs for better economic and educational opportunities |
| Housing Act of 1954 | Expanded Urban Renewal; Instituted comprehensive housing and community redevelopment planning; Section 701 grants for planning in small communities--contributed to the establishment of local planning depts |
| Housing and Urban Development Act (1965) | Created HUD; Robert Weaver first HUD secretary |
| Housing and Community Development Act (1974) | Instituted CDBG program |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Permitted settlers to claim 160-acre parcel of public land in the west on condition they reside on land for 5 consecutive years; Cause gov’t to take a major role in water development in the West |
| Dillon’s Rule vs. Home Rule | Dillon’s rule: local jurisdictions have only powers that are explicitly assigned to them by state gov’ts; Home rule: the state transfers power to the local government to adopt regulations |
| Cities in Evolution (1915) | Patrick Gedes, considered by some as the father of regional planning |
| First full-time planner employed by an American city? | Harland Bartholomew, St. Louis (early 1900s?) |
| This individual wrote Design with Nature (1969); environmentally conscious approach to land use; map overlay technique predecessor to GIS | Ian McHarg |
| Comprehensive plan | Usually for an entire municipality or county; Addresses short-term and long-term planning concerns, current and future trends; Documents what ideas the community is seeking through a series of goals and implementation strategies |
| Steps of a plan-making process? | 1) Gather factual info; 2) Gather info using participatory process; 3) Analyze information; 4) Report information; 5) Present the plan for review; 6) Revise plan accordingly; 7) Submit plan for adoption |
| Goal vs. Objective vs. Policy | Goal is value-based statement about a desired future state of affairs. Objective offers more specific, measurable statements of how to achieve the desired ends. A Policy is a general rule that outlines how the goals and objectives of a plan should be real |
| Confidence Interval | A range of values around a sample statistic; the population parameter is expected to be within that interval |
| Role of Planning Commission | Appointed by governing body or chief elected official. Does short- and long-term planning, plan review, budgeting. Makes recommendations to city governing body; however, often has direct or final authority in the adoption of master plans and review of sub |
| What is a good measure of central tendency (statistics Q) | Median is better measure of central tendency because it is less influence by outliers than the mean |
| Variance (statistics Q) | A measure of how spread out a distribution is |
| Standard deviation | The square root of the variance; Use to describe the degree to which a distribution is spread out (how far from the mean data points tend to be); About 68 percent of measurements in a normal distribution are within 1 std deviation of the mean; about 95% a |
| Symptomatic method (statistics Q) | Uses readily available data, such as building permits, school enrollment, or voter registration, to estimate the current population |
| Census Tract | Designed to be a relatively homogeneous unit with respect to population characteristics, economic status and living conditions; Averages ~4,000 people |
| Census Block | Part of a census tract; Smalled geographic unit for which the Census tabulates 100% data; designations covering entire nation for first time in 1990 |
| Census Block Group | Subset of the blocks within a Census Tract; The smallest geographic unit for which the Census tabulates sample data |
| Census Designated Place (CDP) | A densely settled concentration of population that is not within an incorporated place, but is locally identified by a name; No size limits (since 2000) |
| Urban Area | For Census 2000, two types of urban areas: Urban Clusters (2.5 - 50K people) and Urbanized Areas (at least 50K people) |
| Urban Clusters | Densely settled territories that have at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000 |
| Urbanized Areas | An area consisting of at least one central place and adjacent territory, with a general population density of at least 1,000 people/square mile of land area and a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | Core area (city of >50,000 or Urbanized Area with at >100,000 people) with large population nucleus and adjacent communities with a high degree of economic and social integration with that core; May include 1 or more counties |
| PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) | Shows how different tasks are related, depicts tasks and duration of tasks using forked lines; Use to reallocate available resources among tasks i order to keep the project on time and within budget (similar to critical path method) |
| Traditional budget process | Analyzes current economic and development trends and conditions to estimate future budgetary need; Forecasts needs for next 4 - 6 years; Traditionally uses Line Item Budget |
| Line item budgets | Traditional municipal budget; Divides expenditures into categories such as equipment and personnel; Are not easily utilized as management tool |
| Performance budgets | Organizes expenditures by the services they fund and a set of evaluation standards for each services; Readily used as a management tool; Examples: Planned Programming Budgetary System (PPBS), Zero-Base Budgeting, Dayton System |
| This type of budget system divides govt expenditures into program components rather than objects of expenditure; Focuses on fundamental objectives of a program, future implications of current budgeting decision, all costs, and alternatives; Robert McNamar | Planning Programming Budgetary System (PPBS) |
| Zero-Base Budgeting | Not based on previous year’s budget; Each year’s budget starts at a base of zero, and each program and expenditure in the budget must be justified annually; Define “decision packages” tied to long-range plan objectives; Developed by Texas Instruments |
| Management by Objective (MBO) | Drucker; Establishes overarching objectives using a collaborative process; 1) Determination and communication of organizational goals; 2) interpretation and definition of those goals into performance objectives for individuals; and 3) the measurement of p |
| 3 basic elements of subdivision requirements | 1) Plat (shows the location and boundaries of streets, lots/parcels, and other site info); 2) Design/construction stds to establish specifics of how improvements will be built; 3) Exactions specify subdividers responsibility for financing public improveme |
| General obligation bonds | Taxing power of the jurisdiction is pledged to pay interest upon, and retire the debt; Can be sold to finance permanent types of improvement such as schools, municipal buildings, parks, and rec facilities; Voter approval may be required |
| Revenue bonds | Sold for projects that produce revenues; Are not backed by the full faith and credit of the local jurisdiction, but are financed in the long-term through service charges or fees |
| Lease-Purchase Agreements | Facility is constructed by a private company or authority, and then leased by the municipality. Rental over the years of the lease will have paid the total original cost plus interest, and at end of lease period title conveyed to the municipality without |
| What is Fish Bowl Planning? | A small group of planners that are given a specific scenario, topic, or issue, where they sit together in the center of a larger group of planner who watch the discussion. |
| What is a marsh? | Wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. |
| Housing and Urban Development Act 1965 | Established the cabinet level of HUD |
| What is a oligotrophic lake? | A deep lake with low supply of nutrients and thus little organic matter. |
| Who designed Columbia, Maryland? | James Rouse, 1967; planned community that consists of ten self-contained villages |
| Housing Act 1934 | Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Its purpose is to make credit more available to lenders for home repairs and construction and to make better housing available to low- and moderate-income families |
| What is the Cohort-Component Method? | Population projection method using birth, death, and migration rates. 1. calculate death rates, 2. project survivors, 3. project births, and 4. project migration |
| Where did the Council of Governments movement start and when? | Detroit, 1954 |
| What is Shift Share Analysis? | Analyzes strengths and weaknesses of a specific regions industries. Looks at the changing mix of activities and at whether activities are shifting toward or away from the study area. |
| What was the approximate US population in 2000? | 281 million |
| Policy Delphi Method | Panel of experts used to generate the range of potential resolutions to a policy issue; uses a series of surveys that allow for a re-evaluation of initial positions, deals with statements and arguments. |
| Clean Water Act | Primary federal law in the US governing water pollution. Established goals of eliminating releases of high amounts of toxic substances into water. Was established in 1972 with amendments in 1977 and 1987. |
| What year was the Endangered Species Act established? | 1973 |
| What is the Flood Control Act? | Granted authority to the US Army Corps of Engineers for the designing and building of flood control projects. |
| What is the environmental term FONSI stand for? | Finding of No Significant Impact |
| What is a Categorical Exclusion? | A category of actions that the agency has determined does not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the quality of the human environment. |
| What was the typical block size in older cities? | 600ft x300ft or 180,000 sqft or 4 acres |
| When was the Safe Drinking Water Act established? | 1974 |
| What is an Environmental Assessment? | A screening document used to determine if an agency will need to prepare either an EIS or construct at FONSI; determine the significance of the environmental effect and to look at alternative means to achieve the agency's objectives. |
| What is sprawl? | 1. Widely dispersed population in low-density residential development; 2. Rigid separation of uses; 3. Lack of distinct, thriving centers; 4. Road network with large block sizes and poo access |
| What is Hope VI? | 1992, to eliminate distressed public housing |
| What is the National Priorities List? | A list of hazardous waste sites in the US eligible for long-term remedial action financed under the federal Superfund program |
| What does the Safe Drinking Water Act do? | Requires the EPA to set standards for drinking water quality and oversee all states, localities, and water suppliers who implement these standards. Through this the EPA established the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs). |
| What is the average size of a big box retail store (Walmart, Target)? | 200,000+ sq ft |
| What are some of the major GHG sectors in the US? | Electric power industry, transportation, industrial uses, commercial and residential uses, agriculture |
| What is trend-driven planning? | Planning where you project current population and land use trends into the future and use as a basis of planning. |
| What are the elements of the Planning Process? | Data gathering, data analysis, policy making, implementation, and monitoring (Think the basic general plan process) |
| What are the basic concepts of system theory? | 1. everything is a system; 2. every system is part of one or more larger systems; 3. most systems are open systems that exchange energy with their environments. |
| What is goal-driven planning? | Planning where you establish long-range goals that guide the rest of the planning process. |
| What is the National Plan Coordinate System? | 1. range lines ( north and south); 2. township lines (east and west); 3. define townships - 3 square miles broken into sections (1 sq mile is 640 acres), which can then be divided into geometric parts |
| How many square feet are in an acre? | 43,560 |
| How many feet are in a mile? | 5,280 |
| How many acres are in a square mile? | 640 |
| For surveying purposes, what is the size of a section? | 640 acres |
| What are some planning methods for determining where we can go/what is feasible? | -Opportunity and constraints analysis -Strength and Weaknesses Analysis (SWOT) -Issue identificaiton |
| What are some common techniques for public participation? | Public hearing, stakeholder group meetings, focus groups interviews, surveys, simulations/scenario development, charrettes, electronic polling |
| What is the ISTEA? And when was it established? | Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, 1991 (Consideration of local land use impacts in transportation decisions) |
| What is the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956? | Created the Highway Trust Fund as the means of paying for the Intestate Highway System |
| What is the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962? | Required a formal comprehensive planning process for roadways |
| What is LOS A? | Virtually fre flow; completely unimpeded. Traffic flows at or above the posted speed limit and all motorists have complete mobility between lanes. |
| What is LOS B? | Stable flow with slight delays; reasonably unimpeded. Two motorists might be forced to drive side by side limiting lane change |
| What is LOS C? | Stable flow with delays, less freedom to maneuver. Ability to pass or change lanes is not assured. Most experienced drivers are comfortable, and posted speed is maintained, but roads are close to capacity. |
| What is LOS D? | High density, but stable flow. Typical of an urban highway during commute hours. Speeds are somewhat reduced, motorists are hemmed in by other cards and trucks. |
| What is LOS E? | Operating conditions at or near capacity, unstable flow, speed varies rapidly, but rarely reaches the posted limit. On highways this is consistent with a road over its designed capacity. |
| What is LOS F? | Flow is forced; every vehicle moves in lockstep with the vehicle in front of it, with frequent drops in speed to nearly 0mph. |
| What is a local road? | Serves primarily to provide direct access to abutting land and access to the higher order systems. |
| What are collector streets? | Provides both land access service and traffic circulation within residential neighborhoods, commercial and industrial areas. |
| What are minor arterials or secondary roads? | Contains arterials not classified as primary, minor arteials interconnect with and augment the urban principal arterial system and provide service trips of moderate length. |
| What is a major arterial? | Should carry the major portion of trips entering and leaving an urban area, as well as the majority of through movements desiring to bypass the central city. |
| What is a drainage basin? | A geographic areas who outer boundaries consist of ridgelines that define the highest points in the area so that all the rain that falls inside those ridge lines drain into the same creek, stream, or river. |
| What is the Telecommunications Act of 1996? | Prohibits local government from adopting regulations that will interfere with wireless service and from discriminating among service providers. |
| What is permissive zoning? | Zoning where anything not explicitly permitted is prohibited. |
| What is performance zoning? | Establishes criteria to measure a land use's spillover effect onto neighbors, also known as Impact Zoning. |
| What is legislative actions? | Ordinances laying down general policies without regard to a specific property are usually an exercise of legislative authority. Afforded presumption of validity. |
| What is quasi-judicial/administrative actions? | Some discretion involved. Not afforded presumption of validity. |
| What are ministerial action? | No discretion involved - just apply the regulations. |
| How many acres of agriculture are lost annually to development? | 2.2 million acres |
| What is global warming? | A function of increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. |
| What are three factors that contribute to the vulnerability of coastal area? | Wave height, coastal slope, and shoreline erosion |
| How many acres of reservation land are held in trust by the federal government? | 56.2 million |
| What is the largest single reservation in the US? | Navajo, 16 million acres |
| How many reservations are in the US? | 326 |
| Of the 275 reservations in the US, how many are entirely tribal-owned (not held in trust)? | 140 |
| How much of the US is publicly owned and managed by either the Department of the Interior or Forest Service? | 1/3 of all land |
| Where do rural residents typically obtain their drinking water? | Groundwater |
| Where do most urban residents get their drinking water? | Surface water sources |
| Which aquifer is located below 20 percent of the irrigated land in the US? | The High Plains Aquifer |
| What pollutant is the main threat to water supplies? | Non-point source (runoff) |
| Air quality depends on what two factors? | Temperature and wind speed |
| What is a common maximum noise standard? | 65 decibles |
| Who wrote Man and Nature? | George Perkins Marsh |
| Who wrote the report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States? | John Wesley Powell |
| When was the Sierra Club founded? | 1892 |
| What president was a staunch supporter of the conservation movement? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Who was the leader of the conservation movement and the first director of the US Forest Service in 1905? | Gifford Pinchot |
| Who coined the term "greenway", in his book, The Last Landscape? | William Whyte |
| This organization was formed in 1879 to survey and classify all public lands? | United States Geological Service (USGS) |
| What was the first national wildlife refuge? Where? When? | Pelican Island, FL, 1903 |
| When was the National Park Service created? | 1916 |
| When was the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California created? And what did they do? | 1927, established to bring water from the Colorado River to Socal |
| What was created to provide work for unemployed youth? When? | Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933 |
| What is TVA? | Tennessee Valley Plan, created in 1933 to provide multipurpose and unified rehabilitation and redevelopment in the Tennessee Valley, most famous for experiment in river basin planning. |
| What is the Taylor Grazing Act? | Regulated the used of the range in the west for conservation purposes, 1934 |
| What is the Grand Coulee Dam? | 1941, developed on the Columbia River in Washington state, it is the largest concrete structure in the US, and is the heart of the Columbia Basin Project. |
| Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee vs. US Atomic Energy Commission, 1971 | DC Circuit Court concluded that the USAEC environmental policies did not comply with NEPA |
| Just vs. Marinette County, 1972 | WI Supreme Court upheld a zoning ordinance that restricted development on a wetland next to navigable waters, est. that environmental protection regs did not constitute a taking |
| Sierra Club vs. Morton, 1972 | USSC rules that the Sierra Club did not have standing to sue the US Forest Service for permitting a ski resort in the Sequoia National Forest |
| TVA vs. Hill, 1978 | USSC determined that the Secretary of the Interior has the authority to decide if a federal activity threatens an endangered species, this halted the construction of the Tellico Dam. |
| Agins vs. City of Tiburon, 1980 | USSC ruled that open space requirements did not constitute a taking, est, the principle that governmental action was not regulatory taking it is substantially advanced a legitimate government purpose |
| Monsanto vs. US, 1989 | Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that an absentee landowner is liable for partial removal of hazardous waste stores by the entity leasing the land. |
| General Electric Co. vs. Litton Industrial Automation Systems, 1990 | Eighth Circuit Court validated the CERCLA (Superfund) Act. Requires clean up of hazardous waste sites and is a strict liability statute rarely open to interpretation. |
| Babbit vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Greater Oregon, 1996 | USSC decided that government can restrict land development to protect endangered species. Validates that the definition of harm includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures wildlife. |
| What was the issue in Palazzolo vs. State of Rhode Island, 2001 | Palazzolo wanted to fill 18 acres of salt marsh and clained that environmental protection laws constituted a taking. |
| What did the USSC decide in Palazzolo vs. State of Rhode Island, 2001 | USSC decided that since he purchased that land after the regulations went into effect and since the regulations had not removed all viable economic use of his property that it was not a taking. |
| What is the US Reclamation Act of 1902? | Created fund from the sale of public land in the arid western states to supply water through construction of storage and irrigation projects. |
| What is the Soil Conservation Act? | 1935, Administered by USDA, created SCS (now NRCS), made the prevention of soil erosion a national priority. |
| What is the Wilderness Act? | 1964, Johnson administration established a National Wilderness Preservation System, prohibited development, settlement, or road building within the boundaries of wilderness areas. |
| What is "Environmental Analysis"? | May include examination, cultural, social, educational, and economic impacts, often refers to the implementation of a NEPA process. |
| What is NAAQS? | National Ambient Air Quality Standards |
| What does "primacy" means under the Clean Air Act? | States have the primary responsibility to enforce compliance with air pollution standards. |
| What is the EPA? | 1970, purpose to enforce environmental laws like the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act |
| What is the NPDES? | National Pollution Discharge Elimination System |
| What is the Energy Policy Conservation Act? | 1975, response to the 1973-1974 Arab oil embargo, established CAFE standards |
| What does CAFE stand for? | Corporate Average Fuel Economy |
| What is the Toxic Substances Control Act? | 1976, gave EPA authority to track industrial chemicals that are produced or imported into the US, requires reporting and testing, gave EPA authority to ban manufacture and/or import of chemicals |
| What does SARA stand for? | Superfund Amendments and Re-authorization Act |
| What is the Community Right-to-Know Act? | 1986, requires certain industries to furnish annual reports about amount and type of toxic substances they generate. |
| What does FIFRA stand for? | Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide Act |
| What is the Wetlands Reserve Program? | 1996, administered by USDA, voluntary program that provides assistance to eligible landowners to be good stewards of their land, receive financial incentives to protect, restore, and enhance. |
| What is Environmental Justice? | acknowledges that race and class are powerful determinants in the location of hazardous waste, Pres. Clinton issued executive order in 1994 establishing environmental justice as the responsibility of all federal agencies |
| Which state has the most endangered species? | Hawaii, 100 |
| What is carrying capacity? | The largest population of any given species that a certain habitat can support. |
| Land Capability Analysis | All the land in a planning area is analyzed in terms of development cost, incorporates geologic, hydro-logic, and soil data |
| What is the Council on Environmental Quality? | Coordinates federal environmental efforts; congress established CEQ within the executive office as part of NEPA. |
| Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) | An air pollutant for which NAAQS standards do not exist and which can pose serious health risks. |
| What is a drumlin? | A glacial landform shaped like a half hardboiled egg cut lengthwise; the long axis indicates the direction of glacial flow. |
| What is the 100th Meridian? | Runs through North Dakota, South Dakota, and the Oklahoma panhandle; marks the east, which receives 20 inches or more of precipitation per year as opposed to the west. |
| What is a Sole Source Aquifer? | EPA has identified 73 sole source aquifers, which provide the bulk of drinking water for an area. |
| What is a vernal pools? | Seasonal wetlands that hold water for about two months during the spring and serve as breeding grounds for amphibians, but do not contain fish. |
| What is the traditional color for industry? | Purple |
| What is the traditional color for high density residential? | Brown |
| What is the traditional color for utilities? | Grey |
| One hectare = how many acres? | 2.471 acres |
| FAR= what? | Square foot of building / square foot of lot |
| Who drafted the first zoning ordinance in 1916? | Edward Bassett |
| Who developed the comprehensive plan for Cincinnati (Euclid v. Ambler), served as the first president of the American Society of Planning Officials? | Alfred Bettman |
| What is performance zoning? | Focuses on intensity and environmental impact over use |
| Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (JT) | Authority granted by some states to municipalities to impose zoning and subdivision regulations beyond its boundaries |
| What is the Ripeness Doctrine? | A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures; party established by Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank (1985) |
| Berman vs. Parker | 1954, USSC upheld that aesthetics and a redevelopment program were valid public purposes for exercising eminent domain |
| Pennsylvannia Coal Co. v Mahon, 1922 | First decision holding that a land use restriction constituted a taking; USSC, "property may be regulated to a certain extent, but if a regulation goes too far it becomes a taking." |
| People vs. Stover, 1963 | NYCA ruled that ordinance prohibiting clotheslines for strictly aesthetic reasons was a valid exercise of police power |
| Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County vs. City of Petaluma, 1971 | Upholds the right of a city to establish restrictions/quotas on growth as long as they are applied equally |
| Spurr Industries vs. Del E. Webb Development CO., 1972 | Arizona Court ruled that existing cattle operation had to move to accommodate additional urban growth, but the developer had to pay damages and expenses |
| Golden vs. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo, 1972 | Landmark case supporting concurrency regulations |
| Fasano vs. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County, 1973 | Established that the burden of proof to justify a zoning change is on the applicant; must show consistency with the comprehensive plan |
| Associated Home Builders of the Greater East Bay, Inc. vs. City of Livermore | Upheld a California concurrent services ordinance |
| Young vs. American Minitheaters, 1976 | USSC upheld an "adult" zoning ordinance because it did not eliminate use, just created guidelines for where it could be located |
| Metromedia vs. City of San Diego, 1981 | USSC struck down an ordinance banning off-site billboards as a violation of free speech |
| City Council vs. Taxpayers for Vincent, 1984 | USSC ruled that LA violated the first amendment by banning noncommercial signage on public property |
| City of Renton vs. Playtime Theaters, Inc., 1986 | USSC upheld and ordinance that restricted the location of adult uses |
| Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission, 1987 | USSC held that it was a taking to require a public easement across privately owner beachfront property in order for a building permit to be issued (Nexus) |
| First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale vs. County of Los Angeles, 1987 | USSC found that the interim ordinance prohibiting reconstruction in a flood zone constituted a taking because the original flood had destroyed all reasonable economic use of the property |
| Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Commission, 1992 | Lucas was denied a building permit for property on a developed shorefront. USSC held that the decision removed all reasonable economic use of the property and constituted a taking. |
| Dolan vs. Tigard, 1994 | USSC held that permit conditions that require property are justified only if they relate or are proportional to the impact of the proposed development. In this case the conditions had no relation to the permit request. "Reasonably related" |
| City of Ladue vs. Gilleo, 1994 | USSC ruled that the City could not ban someone from posting a noncommercial window sign in his or her place of residence. |
| Suitum vs. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 1997 | Addressed whether or not a property own must attempt to sell development rights before claiming a regulatory taking. USSC held that the case was ripe and a regulatory taking had occurred. |
| Del Monte Dunes vs. City of Monterey, 1999 | USSC recognized the right to a jury trial in a regulatory taking case. |
| Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council vs. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 2002 | USSC upheld the use of development moratoria and said that a moratorium is not necessarily a taking requiring compensation. |
| Kelo vs. City of New London, 2005 | City's economic development plan included Ms. Kelo's property. USSC ruled that economic development is a public use and a valid purpose when it is part of an integrated development plan. |
| Lingle vs. Chevron, 2005 | USSC removed the "substantially advances" test based on Agins vs. Tiburon. The decision reaffirmed the legal principle that when government takes a property it must pay. |
| San Remo Hotel, L.P. vs. City and County of San Fransisco, 2005 | The central question was which court should decide what and when. USSC concluded that state courts are fully qualified to adjudicate constitutional challenges to local land-use decisions. |
| The Indian Reorganization Act is also known as what? | The Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934 |
| What did the Indian Reorganization Act do? | Conserve and develop Indian lands and resources, extended the right to form businesses and other organizations, granted certain rights of home rule, provided for vocational education |
| 1949 Housing Act | Established basis for urban renewal |
| 1954 Housing Act | Established section 701 planning grants to local governments |
| Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act, 1966 | Centerpiece of LBJ's Great Society, created the Model Cities program focused on community participation, emphasized social and economic revitalization, phased out by Nixon in 1973 |
| National Flood Insurance Act, 1968 | created NFIP, made flood insurance available, required certain building standards in flood plain |
| Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Zones | 1994, Created by Bill Clinton, federal funds made available to a limited number of distressed urban areas to help them complete with suburban areas |
| Disaster Mitigation Act | 2000, reinforces importance of hazard mitigation, requires contingency plans fr state and local governments, plans must be reviewed and approved by FEMA, not guided by federal legislation |
| Concentric Ring Theory (1925) | Ernest Burgess |
| Homer Hoyt | Sector Theory (1939) |
| Harris and Ullman | 1945, Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman, multiple nuclei theory |
| William Alonso | 1960, Bid Rent Theory = cost of land, intensity of development, concentration of the population, number of places of employment all decline as distance from CBD increases |
| This type of growth seeks to solve problems created by low density residential development such as threatened farmland and open space, increased public service costs, disinvestment in central cities, congestion, and environmental degradation | Smart Growth |
| What is the reuse of existing buildings called? | adaptive reuse |
| Approximate population of Houston in 2006? | 2.1M |
| Approximate population of NYC in 2006? | 8.3M |
| Approximate population of Los Angeles in 2006? | 3.5M |
| Approximate population of Chicago in 2006? | 2.8M |
| Approximate population of Phoenix in 2006? | 1.5M |
| Fastest growing state in the 1990's? | Nevada, followed by Arizona |
| What are the four components of hazard planning? | Mitigation, preparation, response, recovery |
| Measures the concentration of industry in a geographic area relative to a larger area | Location Quotient |
| How is location quotient used? | To compare the local share of a particular economic activity to the share of that economic activity in a larger region |
| What does a LQ greater than 1 mean? | It means that the variable for the particular industry is greater in the smaller of the two regions and the product is exported. |
| What type of industry is indicated by a LQ greater than 1? | Base Industry |
| What does a LQ equal to 1 mean? | That the local industry is sufficient to meet the local demand. |
| What if the LQ is less than 1 mean? | The local industry is not meeting demand. |
| What is the jobs/housing ratio? | Ratio between the creation of jobs in a community and the need for housing. |
| Fiscal impact analysis (or cost revenue analysis) | Used to determine if a particular project will generate adequate revenue through taxes to pay for additional public services that will be required |
| Shift share analysis | Used to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors, used to distinguish between the effects of national and local economic trends |
| What is a business cluster? | A group of geographically close businesses that have some relationship to each other (such as a supplier and consumer of specialized high-technology goods or manufacturers of car parts and assembly plants) |
| What is a BID? | Business Improvement District, a special assessment district in which property owners pay an additional tax in order to fund activities that benefit their district. |
| What is TIF? | Tax Increment Financing, Captures the additional property taxes received from the higher assessment on improved properties within a redevelopment district to fund to finance the public improvements that made the redevelopment possible |
| Antiquities Act, 1906 | First law to provide federal protection for archaeological and historic sites, started designation National Monuments |
| Historic sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act, 1935 | Predecessor to NHPA, required Sec. of Int. to find, acquire, and restore sites |
| National Historic Preservation Act, 1966 | Established the National register, Section 106 protection, requires each state to have a State Historic Preservation Officer |
| National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1949 | Truman signed legislation creating the national trust; NTHP is a private, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to saving historic places |
| James Rouse | Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; built Columbia, Maryland in the 1960s |
| What is Imageable? Who coined it? | According to Kevin Lynch, a city is imageable is the network of paths, edges, districts, and nodes is not confusing. |
| Who is Paulo Soleri? | Advocate for building mega-structures that are mostly underground and leave nature undisturbed; Arcosanti, AZW |
| Who wrote "Making City Planning Work" and "Great Streets"? | Allan Jacobs |
| Who wrote Edge Cities? | Joel Garreau |
| What is an edge city? | At least 5M square feet of leasable space, 600,000 sq. ft. of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms |
| Who wrote Edgeless Cities? | Robert Lang |
| On average lowering your thermostat by as little as 1 degree typically reduces your heating bill by how much? | 1-3% |
| Who is Robert Weaver? | First Secretary of HUD |
| The supply of freshwater under the earths surface in an aquifer or soil that forms the natural reservoir is called a ...? | Groundwater |
| In general, what amount of time should pass where a Planner should not accept an assignment to publicly advocate a position on a planning issue that goes against a position they publicly advocated for a previous client? | Three years after the original position |
| This type of zoning can be described as what regulates the character of the use instead of simply just regulating the use itself. | Performance Zoning |
| Catherine Bauer Wurster was interested in what planning topic? | Housing |
| What measures a plot of land in 36 square miles in size? | Township Square |
| In a public planning agency, a staff function deals with what? | Providing services to the line units |
| What joint Canadian/American project opened in 1959? | The St. Lawrence Seaway |
| What is water, surface or underground, which contributes its water in small quantities to another larger stream? | Tributary |
| On a surface lot, angles of 60-65 degrees can be reconfigured to fit what percent of increase in vehicles at an angle of 75-90 degrees? | 20-25 percent |
| In 1923, construction began on what planned community, which would foreshadow the New Urbanism movement? | Mariemont, Ohio |
| What is a statistical technique that provides an estimate of one variable based upon a linear function of another variable. | Regression Analysis |
| Tributary | a stream or other body of water, surface or underground, which intermittently contributes its water in small quantities to another larger stream or body of water. |
| A_________________provides less mobility and a moderate amount of land access, distributing travel to smaller areas, while interconnecting the major roads | Minor Arterial |
| First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles (1987) dealt with what? | Takings |
| What is the voluntary labeling program that began in California to indicate which competitive products are made using "green power"? | Green "e" |
| Generation X were born during what time frame? | 1965-1980 |
| This type of financing is described as "the financing of improvements from current revenues". | Pay-As-You-Go or Current Revenues |
| Which budgeting methods involves breaking down the budget into decision packages? | Zero-Base Budgeting |
| This is a group of problem-solving tools useful in achieving process stability. | Statistical Process Control |
| According to the US Census, what can be described as a geographic entity defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget for the use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of a core area with a large population nucleus? | MSA |
| Who wrote Modern Housing? | Catherine Bauer Wurster |
| Entitlement of a land owner to certain uses of water on or bordering his property, including the right to prevent diversion of upstream waters. | Riparian Rights |
| What was asked on the 1990 census but not on the 2000 census | Source of Water |
| This is a less extensive environmental review used by various agencies to determine whether or not an EIS will be required | Environmental Assessment |
| An underground bed or stratum of earth, gravel or porous stone that contains water is? | Aquifer |
| A pond, lake, tank or basin, natural or man-made, that can be used for the regulation, storage and control of water is what? | Reservoir |
| What requires addressing Five Big Questions? | Environmental Impact Statements |
| What is the expression given when leaving behind assumptions of growth and finding alternatives to it? | Smart Decline |
| This can be created to provide a single service. | Special District |
| According to the 2000 US Census, what state showed the highest rate of growth in Hispanic population? | North Carolina |
| What year did President Clinton create 8 new monuments? | 2000 |
| Relating to an internal planning agency organization, which of the following could be described as being organized around the physical areas of responsibility of the agency? | Organization by Geographic Area |
| Who wrote The Intelligence of Democracy? | Charles Lindbloom |
| What city officially endorsed a comprehensive plan? | Cincinnati, Oh |
| In 2000, 80.3% of Americans lived in these areas? | Metropolitan Areas |
| What are statistical counterparts of incorporated cities does the Census Bureau identify that are delineated to provide populations for unincorporated communities that are identifiable by name but are not legally incorporated? | Census Designated Places |
| This is a city plus it's adjacent communities to which it is linked economically. | Metropolitan Area |
| In planning and budgeting systems, which can be described as having its focus on evaluating and ranking outputs by program? | Project Management |
| This deals with the amount of stormwater runoff after the development of a site? | Zero Discharge |
| The Census Survey of Construction shows that the average new home changed from 1,500 square feet in 1970, to _______ square feet in 2000. | 2,266 |
| What is the name of the proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo? | Buffalo Commons |
| What type of standards deal with regulations to prevent the significant deterioration of very high quality airsheds? | PSD Standards |
| What year was the first elevator installed in the US? | 1850 |
| This is a technique to find the optimum design solution for a project. | Linear Programming |
| What can be described as public works projects that benefit a specific group of people are thus financed more equitably by those affected most directly by the improvement? | Special Assessments |
| When was the Americans with Disabilities Act passed? | 1990 |
| What two countries are the largest trading partners with the US? | Canada and Mexico |
| What is a shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify wastewater. | Lagoon |
| What year did NAFTA begin? | 1994 |
| What year was the American Society of Planning Officials created? | 1934 |
| What year was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act FIRST printed? | 1924 |
| PPBS (Planning, Programming, and Budgeting Systems) can be described as which of the following? | Program-orientated with long-range projections that emphasizes planning not budgeting |
| What is a datum? | A line, point, or surface from which elevation are measured or indicated. |
| This has to be written to satisfy requirements of NEPA when a major action will have a significant impact on the environment. | Environmental Impact Statement |
| PERT | A graphic depiction of the interrelationships of the tasks that make up the project |
| How many states adopted the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act drafted by Edward Basset? | All |
| Who was the first president of the American City Planning Institute in 1917? | Olmstead Jr. |
| Who was responsible for drafting the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act? | Edward Basset |
| Parking 0.10-0.75 spaces is for what use? | Medical centers and offices |
| Common Ground is a three year process undertaken by whom? | The Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission |
| This EPA document will identify where additional research, data quality improvements, and information are needed. | Indicators Initiative |
| The long form of the US Census in 2000 collected what data in addition to the short form questionnaire? | Maritial status, labor force status, number of bedrooms, and value of home |
| Parking ratio for shopping centers larger than 600k sq ft have what peak? | 1.0-5.0 per 1,000 sq ft |
| PERT does not involve what? | Does not identify potential problems |
| What state's coastal wetlands are disappearing at a rate of 25 square miles/per year | Louisiana |
| On average, what percentage will be saved of your cooling costs by closing off air conditioning vents in an unoccupied room? | 5-10 percent |
| In the book, "Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters (1987)", it shows that the average vehicle trip per unit is the highest for what? | PUD's |
| What does the "Buffalo Commons" proposal include? | A result of the population decline in the great plains, tearing down of farm fences, replant of native grass and restore the buffalo |
| Which issue was the law case, Federal Communications Commission v. Florida Power Corporation (1987) concerned with? | Takings claim |
| Ambient Standards can be defined as what? | standards for air and water quality relating to the quality of the receiving environment that is used to judge the overall improvements in the environmental quality |
| The Housing Act of 1937 involved what? | tied slum clearance to public housing and was also known as the Wagner-Steagall Act. |
| In planning and budgeting systems, which can be described as having its focus on evaluating and ranking outputs by program? | Project Management |
| Hoshin Planning is..... | a type of strategic planning |
| A Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) can be described as what? | a staged, three to five year prioritized program of transportation projects that cover a metropolitan planning area which is consistent with the metropolitan transportation plan |
| Who is typically responsible for presiding over rezoning proceedings that are treated as quasi-judicial? | Zoning Hearing Master |
| A home can save on average a reduction in heating costs by sealing leaks in ducts by up to how much percent? | 20% |
| What can be described as a measure of dispersion around the mean that is calculated as the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean? | Variance |
| Pumpelly v. Green Bay Co., 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 166 (1872) dealt with what? | Takings |
| Fishbowl planning can be described as what? | Through workshop formats people work through proposals |
| The 1949 Housing Act was.... | the first comprehensive housing legislation, designed to have a goal to construct 800,000 residential units |
| A programmable thermostat might saves you as much as what percent on your heating costs? | 20% |
| What Law was the legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement"? | New York State Tenement house Law 1901 |
| Nectow v. City of Cambridge, 277 U.S. 183 (1928) dealt with what? | Zoning |
| Was the UDAG Program created in 1980? | No |
| 0.5-3.0 spaces per 1,000 sq ft is for what? | Office |
| 0.67 -3.5 spaces per 1,000 sq ft is for what? | Industrial |
| A "State of the Environment Report" is one of the key products of what? | Environmental Indicators Initiative |
| What is the range for the average size of large auto racing tracks (e.g.: NASCAR) in the United States? | 400- over 1,000 acres |
| Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 520 U.S. 725 (1997) dealt with what? | Takings |
| General Obligation Bonds can be defined as what? | the taxing power of the jurisdiction pledged to pay the interest upon, and retire the debt |
| Taxes serve what functions? | redistribute income, creating revenues to finance government goods and services, and when overall demand is large, reduction of income and spending |
| What techniques is a means of forecasting future population? | Cohort survival |
| What Housing Act tied slum clearance to public housing? | Housing Act 1937 |
| What Housing Act focused on slum prevention and urban renewal? | Housing Act 1954 |
| In 2000, it is estimated that there was this many people per square mile living in the United States. | 79.6 |
| Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954) dealt with what | eminent domain |
| New Regionalism includes the following... | 1) a focus on specific territories and spatial planning; 2) a response to the problems of a metropolitan region; 3) integrating environmental, equity and economic goals; 4) emphasis on urban design; and, 5) a more activist stance by the planners. |
| According to the Federal Highway Administration's "Concepts, Criteria, and Procedures", urban collectors can be described as.. | providing both traffic circulation and land access with all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic to these geographic areas |
| How many Federally-recognized tribes are there? | 562 |
| Who wrote The Intelligence of Democracy? | Charles Linblom |
| In a plot illustrating a data set with normal distribution, the highest peak of the "bell-curve" would indicate what? | Mode, Median, Mean |
| According to the US Census, what was the percentage of homes with 2 persons in 1790? | 7.8% |
| In California, SDREO, stands for what? | San Diego Regional Energy Office |
| Which budgeting technique has been used for over fifty years and has stand-alone packages or programs? | Capital Budgeting |
| According to the US Census Bureau, in November 2001, ________ American householders owned their own homes. | 2 out of 3 |
| What case deals with the Supreme Court finding that there was no taking because the government did not deny the landowners of all economically viable use of their land? | Agins vs. City of Tiburon |
| Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. v. United States (1896) dealt with what? | Historic Preservation |
| the 1901 New York State Tenement House Law inlcuded what? | 1) The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." 2) Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer. 3) Improved ventilation and light. |
| What case dealt with the issue of Public-Private Property/Free Enterprise v. State Rights? | Munn vs. Illinois 1876 |
| What court case dealt with an office tower atop Grand Central Station and did not constitute a taking? | Penn Central Transport. Corp. v. City of New York |
| What court case dealt with the holding of monetary damages that were not found to be a taking? | First English Evangelical Church vs. County of Los Angeles |
| This case established a "rational nexus" test for exactions, and is considered a takings case. | Nollan v. California Coastal Commission |
| This case requires compensation where regulation takes all economic use of land. | Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council |
| This case extends rational nexus test through rule of "rough proportionality" to ensure exten of exaction is proportional to project impacts. | Dolan v. City of Tigard |
| What court case dealt with a holding that under the NJ constitution, a community must provide its fair share of low and moderate income housing? | Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel |
| What court case dealt with the exercise of eminent domain power in furtherance of an economic development plan? | Susette Kelo v. City of New London |
| What is the police power? | Sovereign power of the state to regulate and control private behavior in order to protect and promote greater public welfare. |
| What is Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)? | How much can a region consume without trade. |
| Who was one of the founders of the industrial location theory? | Alfred Webster |
| What is the Industrial Location Theory? | Industries are drawn to locations that minimize transportation costs and labor costs. |
| According to the American Community Survey what percentage drove alone to work in 2005? | 77% |
| What are the four waves of suburbanization? | Romantic suburbs (1850-1945), Mass Suburbanization (1945-1985), Rise of the Mega Burb or Edge Cities (1985-present), and Megapolitan Regions |
| What are some characteristics of Romantic Suburbs? | Designed around romantic principles, rail allowed a select few to separate home from work, primarily just the elite, primarily residential |
| What are some characteristics of Mass Suburbanization? | After WWII, fueled by the Middle Class, example is Levittown, NY, rise of the automobile, high city land costs returning vets, huge economic boom, consolidation of industry |
| What are some characteristics of the Megaburb? | Suburbs no longer bedroom communities, essentially independent, rise of the edge city, traffic congestion intensifies, suburbs more socially diverse |
| What is an Issue? | A matter of general public concern |
| What is a Goal? | A statement, usually general in form, that expresses the ideals and ends towards which planning efforts are directed. |
| What is an Objective? | A measurable and achievable milestones on the way toward achievement of a goal. |
| What is a Policy? | A general direction that a government agency sets in order to meet it's goals and objectives before undertaking an action program. |
| What is a Project? | Action implementing a specific objective of the plan in a specified location within a specific cost and time-frame. |
| What is a Program? | Action implementing a component of the plan by providing an on-going service to a specific constituency or stakeholder group. |
| What is cost efficiency? | Is the least cost means for delivering a given service |
| What is cost effectiveness? | Is the least cost means of accomplishing a goal. |
| What is a Capital Improvements Program? | A rolling 5 year list of capital improvement projects, and is a annual program of projects and revenues |
| What was the first state to use growth management? | Hawaii |
| Who wrote Do Growth Controls Really Matter? | William Fischel |
| What are some examples of Municipal Revenues? | Property taxes, sales taxes, income taxes, business licenses and other fees, and impact fees |
| What are some examples of Municipal Expenses? | Operating/maintenance expenses, personnel, capital costs |
| This is the overall framework for a community's future development. | Comprehensive Plan |
| This a component of the Comprehensive Plan that illustrates the desired form of the community and outlines policies for guiding the relationship between land use change, environmental features, and public improvements. | Future Land Use Plan |
| These are regulatory tools for implementing the form and policies of the Future Land Use Plan. They address standards of use, intensity, and design. | Zoning and Land Development Regulations |
| What two items are in a Zoning Ordinance ? | Zoning Map and Zoning Districts |
| What is the role of the Planning Commission? | Appointed by elected officials, they are a recommending body, and conduct public hearings and fact-finding for CP, zoning text map amendments, CUPs |
| What is the role of the Board of Appeals? | Appointed by City Council or Board, quasi-judicial body, conducts public hearings and fact finding for appeals of administrative decisions, variances and hardships, special exceptions |
| What is the role of the Design Review Board? | Appointed by City Council or Board, advisory role, makes recommendations to Planning Director or Commission, usually consists of design professionals, meetings may include public comment. |
| What is the role of the Development/Subdivision Regulations? | Lot design standards, public improvement standards, administrative procedures, standards for plan review, environmental standards |
| What is Euclidean Zoning? | Traditional zoning with use-separated districts |
| What is Regional Planning? | Planning when the scale of the problems are too big for a city, political competition, need for consensus building amongst local governments |
| What are some types of Regional Planning functions? | Growth management, economic development, water resource planning, transportation planning, affordable housing |
| How many Council of Governments are there today? | 450 |
| What is a MPO? | Metropolitan Planning Organization |
| What does a Metropolitan Planning Organization do? | Set regional priorities for federal funding and provide coordination of local and state plans |
| When was the Metropolitan Planning Commission (MPC) formed? | 1957 |
| Who wrote Edge City: Life on the New Frontier? | Joel Garreau |
| What is an Edge City? | 5million sq ft of leasable office space, 600k sq ft of leasable retail space, more jobs than bedrooms, well outside central city, typically a freeway runs through it, |
| What are some examples of Edge City's? | Fairfax, VA, Irvine, CA, Schaumberg, IL, Galleria, TX (Houston) |
| What is a Sub-State Special Purpose Authority? | Autonomous boards that issue tax exempt bonds and other source of funds (tolls). They are also created by States or Congress to have one purpose. |
| What are some examples of Sub-State Special Purpose Authorities? | Savannah Port Authority, Tennessee Valley Authority, Port Authority of New York |
| What are common concerns of a Neighborhood Plan? | Traffic, access to parks, greenspace, demographic changes, code enforcement, design, use, and character of infill |
| What is the percentage of Native Americans living on reservations? | 22% |
| Native American reservations are governed by? | A combination of the Tribal Council and federal and state agencies for each reservation |
| How many Native American Reservations are in the US? | 326 |
| The Bureau of Indian Affairs under the US Department of the Interior has how many agency offices? What are they? | 4; Office of Indian Services, Office of Justice Services, Office of Trust Services, Office of Field Operations |
| What are modal areas of transportation? | Roads and bridges, parking, freight and logistics, transit, transportation demand management |
| What is Level of Service (LOS)? | Measure of how well the overall system and its subsystems (modes) working |
| ITS stands for what? | Intelligent Transportation Systems |
| What is Transportation Demand Management (TDM)? | Includes programs and services aimed at managing available transportation system capacity |
| What does a TDM include? | Ridesharing, facility pricing, flexible work hours, teleworking, promotion of transit use |
| How many steps are in the typical infrastructure planning steps? | 8 |
| What is TDM? | Transportation Demand Management |
| What are centralized wastewater systems? | Public sewer systems that serve established towns and cities and transport wastewater to a central location for treatment. |
| What is a decentralized wastewater system? | Is a system that does not connect to a public sewer system. Wastewater may be treated on site or may be discharged to a private treatment plant. |
| What are some examples of community facilities? | public garages, k-12 schools, libraries, sports arenas, jails/prisons, hospitals, government buildings, parks and recreation areas. |
| What is Blue Infrastructure? | Are landscape elements linked to water, through pools, ponds, and pond systems, wetlands, and artificial buffer basins. |
| Who founded Hull House in 1889 in Chicago? | Jane Addams |
| Who published How the Other Half Lives and Children of the Poor? | Jacob Riis |
| Who are two famous housing reformers in the late 19th Century? | Jane Addams and Jacob Riis |
| What is a household? | One or more persons living in a single dwelling unit who are related or not |
| What is the average household size in the US? | 2.65 |
| What percentage of households are owner-occupied in the US? | 64% |
| What does NOAH stand for? | Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing |
| What defines a cost-burdened household? | Spending more than 30% of income on housing |
| How much household income should go toward monthly housing costs? | Less than 30% |
| What is a jobs/housing balance? | Refers to a broad goal to align the number, type and salary level of jobs in a jurisdiction with its population characteristics. |
| What are two types of housing policies? | Inclusionary and Exclusionary |
| What are types of exclusionary housing policies? | Off-street parking standards, minimum square footage, lot size, design |
| What are types of inclusionary housing policies? | Mandatory inlcusionary zoning, incentives, higher density allowances, community land trusts, dedicated funding for affordable housing |
| What is an Analysis of Housing Demand? | May include a study of household trends |
| What is an Analysis of Housing Need? | May include a study of the affordability index, housing conditions, and key local issues |
| What is an Analysis of Housing Supply? | May include analysis of homeownership and rental patterns, housing costs, supply of housing, and future supply of housing based on expected development. |
| When was the Federal Home Loan Bank System created? | 1932 |
| When was Fannie Mae established? | 1938 |
| When was the GI Bill? | 1944 |
| When was the Housing and Finance Agency created (HFA)? | 1947 |
| When was Housing and Urban Development (HUD) created? | 1965 |
| When was the Civil Rights Act? | 1968 |
| When was Freddie Mac established? | 1970 |
| When was the Community Reinvestment Act created? | 1977 |
| When was the Section 8 Housing program created? | 1974 |
| When was the Low Income Housing Tax Credit created? | 1986 |
| When was the Fair Housing Amendments created? | 1989 |
| When was the Hope VI created? | 1993 |
| When was the Native American Housing Assistance and Self Determination Act created? | 1996 |
| When was the New Markets Tax Credit created? | 2000 |
| When was the Housing and Economic Recovery Act created? | 2008 |
| When was the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act created? | 2009 |
| When was the Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) created? | 2009 |
| When was Dodd-Frank created? | 2010 |
| When was the Rental Assistance Demonstration Program created? | 2013 |
| When was the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing created? | 2015 |
| Advocacy planning assumes what? | That there is no overall, common, or identifiable public interest to be served in planning. |
| Who is connected to Advocacy Planning? | Paul Davidoff |
| Citizen participation is a categorical term for what? | Citizen Power |
| In the Ladder of Citizen Participation what three positions are considered Tokenism? | Placation, Consultation, Informing |
| In the Ladder of Citizen Participation what two positions are considered Non-participation? | Therapy, Manipulation |
| What is Democratic Planning? | Planning is an act of community participation and an expression of its belief in its future |
| What are two ways of Democratic Planning? | Proactively and Re-actively |
| When did the Erie Canal open? | 1825 |
| Where was the first modern land use zoning in the US? An what did it forbid? | San Francisco, 1867, forbid slaughter houses in districts |
| Who wrote the book Looking Backwards? | Edward Bellamy |
| What did the book Looking Backwards by Edward Bellamy promote? | City and national planning |
| Jacob Riis wrote what two books? | How the Other Half Lives and Children of the Poor |
| What did Jacob Riis' books focus on? | Slums and poverty |
| Who is associated with the Hull House in Chicago? | Jane Addams |
| Who is associated with the Greenwich House? | Mary K. Simkovitch |
| What is Mary K. Simkovitch known for? | Helping to organize the first National Conference on City Planning |
| Where was the first major application of the City Beautiful in the US? | San Francisco Plan, 1906 |
| Who created the San Francisco Plan? | Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett |
| Who coined the phrase "Make not Little plans"? | Daniel Burnham |
| What was the first state to enable legislation permitting cities to plan? And when? | Wisconsin, 1909 |
| What year was the first National Conference on City Planning? | 1909 |
| What year was the Regional Plan of New York completed? | 1929 |
| When did Harvard create the first school of city planning? | 1929 |
| When was the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) formed? | 1934 |
| Planning Education in the Depression Era moved from apprentice-based to what? | University and social science-based education |
| Who wrote the Local Planning Administration? | Ladislas Segoe (1941) |
| Which housing act is the Wagner Ellender-Taft Bill? | Housing Act of 1949 |
| Which housing act is associated with 701 funding? | Housing Act of 1954 |
| Which housing act stressed slum prevention over clearance? | Housing Act of 1954 |
| Which housing act aimed to construct 800,000 new housing units? | Housing Act of 1949 |
| This a structured process of decision making that seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals by careful consideration of potential consequences of available alternatives. | Rational Planning |
| What are the steps of a structures decision making process? | Identify goals, identify alternatives, evaluate consequences, choose alternative that maximizes goals, implement, evaluate outcomes. (Think General Plan or Specific Plan Process) |
| Who wrote A Choice Theory of Planning? | Davidoff and Reiner |
| Who wrote A Reader in Planning Theory? | Andreas Faludi |
| When was the Pittsburgh Community Redevelopment Model implemented? | 1968 |
| When was the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study urban growth simulation model implemented? | 1962 |
| Who wrote The Science of Muddling Through in 1959? | Charles Lindbloom |
| What term refers to the point that planning is less scientific and comprehensive and more politically interactive and experiential? | Incrementalism |
| Who wrote Mixed Scanning: A Third Approach to Decision-Making (1967)? | Amitai Etzioni |
| Mixed scanning focuses on which two concepts? | 1. wide -angle examination of patterns across all possibilities 2. A close-in examination of the most promising options |
| Who is Kevin Lynch? | Wrote the book Image of the City |
| What are the five basic elements of imageability? | Paths, edges, nodes, districts, landmarks |
| Who wrote Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning? | Paul Davidoff |
| Planners represent assist and advocate interest groups and marginalized interests as part of what Planning Model? | Advocacy |
| Spontaneous activism is a tradition of what type of Planning? | Radical Planning |
| Who wrote the book Rules for Radicals? | Saul Alinksy |
| Who wrote the book Outside the Whale: Progressive Planning and the Dilemmas of Radical Reform? | Robert Kraushaar |
| The structural critique of legitimacy of political and economic power structures is linked to what type of Planning? | Radical Planning |
| What year was the Model Cities Program implemented? | 1966 |
| Under what administration was the Model Cities Program? | President Johnson |
| Under what administration was HUD created? | President Johnson |
| Under what administration was the Civil Rights Act? | President Johnson |
| What type of Planning views it as integral to a dynamic system of social change and learning? | Social Learning |
| This type of Planning is carried out face to face with people affected by planning decisions, with involvement throughout the plan decision-making process. | Transactive Planning |
| John Freidman is linked to what type of planning? | Transactive Planning |
| What does the Theory of Communicative Reason reject? | Abstract rationalism as masking social structures of inequality. |
| What three things does Communicative Rationality emphasize? | Transparency, Inclusiveness, and truth-seeking |
| This defines planning as being fundamentally linked to clarification of interests (desired ends) | Communicative Rationality |
| What individual is linked to the Communicative Planning in Action Model? | Lawrence Susskind (seven step model of Planning Practice) |
| When did the ACSP issue the The Journal of Education and Planning? | 1981 |
| When was the Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning established? | 1980 |
| When was the first exam for AIP membership conducted? | 1977 |
| When did it the AIP adopt the Code of Ethics for professional planners? | 1971 |
| What planning theory is based on that planning is a professional act that occurs within a political community? | Contingency Theory |
| What three individuals are connected to the Contingency Theory? | Hoch, Chirstensen, Alexander |
| Who coined the term Megalopolis? | Jean Gottman |
| Who is associated with Regional Planning? | Patrick Geddes |
| The City of Charleston enacted the first___________. | Historic Preservation Ordinance (1921) |
| The City of New Orleans had the first _____________________. | Historic Preservation Commission (1921) |
| The County of Los Angeles had the first ________________________. | Regional Planning Commission (1922) |
| The City of Cincinnati had the first __________________. | Comprehensive Plan (1925) |
| The City of __________________ had the first skyscraper. | Chicago (1884) |
| __________________ Highway was the first US Transcontinental Highway. | Lincoln (dedicated in 1913) |
| The first limited access highway was the _________________. | Bronx River Parkway (1913) |
| The City of ______________________ had the first City Zoning Ordinance. | New York (1916) |
| The City of ______________ had the first subway. | Boston (1897) |
| The State of _______________ had the first wildlife refuge. | Florida (1903) |
| The City of Hartford had the first _________________________. | Planning Commission (1907) |
| The first National Conference on City Planning was in what year? | 1909 |
| The ACPI became the American Institute of Planners when? | 1939 |
| The American City Planning Institute was established in? | 1917 |
| What are four types of measurement scales? | Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio |
| What is the high value minus the low value considered? | Range |
| What is the 75th percentile value minus the 25th percentile value considered? | Interquartile Range |
| When you subtract the mean from each value, square each difference, and sum the squares of the differences and divide by the number of cases, you are calculating what? | Variance |
| When you take the square root of the variance you are calculating what? | Standard Deviation |
| This is an indirect measure of a percent or past condition that can not be directly measured. | Estimate |
| This is a conditional statement about the future. | Projection (or prediction) |
| This is a judgmental statement of what the analyst believes to be the most likely future. | Forecast |
| What type of theory assumes two kinds of industries? | Economic Base Theory |
| This function compares the local concentration of employment in an industry to the national employment in that industry. OR Is basically a way of quantifying how concentrated a particular industry, cluster, occupation, or demographic group is in a region | Location Quotient (export and basic industry) |
| LQi is greater than 1 we can assume what? | Its an export or basic industry |
| LQi is less than 1 we can assume what? | That we import some goods and services |
| LQi = 1 we can assume what? | The region produces just enough to serve the region, no more |
| What type of analysis interprets changes in an industry's local employment? | Shift Share Anlaysis |
| What are the three components of a Shift Share Analysis? | National share, industry mix, and local shift |
| What are the six visualization and map design? | Visual contract, legibility, balance, white space, simplicity, highlighting |
| Who popularized land suitability analysis? | Ian McHarg |
| Ian McHarg wrote what book? | Design with Nature |
| What are the 4 D's of Democratic Citizen Engagement? | Demystification, Deprofessionalization. Decentralization, Democratization |
| What are some methods of participation? | Citizen surveys, public meetings, media, workshops, special events, official meetings |
| What are some hi-tech forms of information sharing? | anything online |
| What are some low-tech forms of information sharing? | newsletters, bulletin boards, community presenations |
| This is the settings designed, created, and maintained by human efforts - buildings, neighborhoods, public plazas, playgrounds, roadways, and more | Built Environment |
| This is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity. | Health |
| These are public entities that provide community-based care services to residents and may include hospitals, clinics, nursing, facilities or emergency medical services. | Health Districts |
| What type of Due Process includes a notice and an opportunity to be heard in a fundamentally fair hearing by an impartial tribune? | Procedural |
| What type of Due Process is a "Rational relationship" to a "Legitimate governmental purpose"? | Substantive |
| This type of AICP Advisory Opinion is non-binding, available to anyone, not just AICP members. | Informal Advice from Ethics Officer |
| This type of AICP Advisory Opinion is binding, from AICP Ethic Committee, only for AICP members. | Formal Advisory Opinion |
| Section C of the AICP Code of Ethics involves what? | Advisory Opinions |
| Section D of the AICP Code of Ethics involves what? | Complaints of Misconduct |
| Section E of the AICP Code of Ethics involves what? | Appeals |
| Whelch v. Swasey (1909) dealt with what? | Right to limit building heights |
| Who created IT? | Dean Kamean |
| What does CRA stand for? | Community Re-investment Act |
| According to the Federal Highway Administration's "Concepts, Criteria, and Procedures", local streets can be described as what? | providing direct access to the adjacent land and access to the higher classified roads |
| A line function deals with what? | Direct Services |
| Between 1992 and 1997, what State lost the most high quality agriculture land (489,000 acres) to development. | Texas |
| Net Land Area is described as what? | The entire site minus the undeveloped land. |
| What is having permitted uses automatically build from one district to each successive one | Cumulative Zoning |
| Tax Increment Financing can be described as what? | A way to pay for improvements to vacant and underused land so that it becomes productive again. |
| A normal distribution could be described as what? | A probability distribution that is symmetrical around the mean |
| What is the name given to Central Puget Sound Region's transportation plan? | Destination 2030 |
| Exactions can be defined as what? | The subdivider's financial responsibilities for public improvements associated with the development |
| This is a method for making a choice from a set of alternatives encountered sequentially when one does not know much about the possibilities ahead of time | Satisficing |
| A major change in the 2000 Census related to the collection of what type of information? | race and Hispanic origin |
| The Board of Adjustment typically has what responsibility? | Considers requests for variances. |
| According to the ITE's "Parking Generation", what has a peak parking space factor of 0.5 - 3.0 parking spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. of GLA? | An Office |
| A program offering commuters the cash equivalent of subsidized parking provided they use another means of transportation. | Cash Out Free Parking |
| What technique means forecasting future population? | Cohort Survival |
| What is leachate? | A liquid formed by water percolating through a landfill |
| In 2000, it is estimated that there was this many people per square mile living in the United States. | 79.6 |
| According to the ITE's "Parking Generation", which of the following has a peak parking space factor of 0.10 - 0.75 parking spaces per employee? | office and medical centers |
| What is the term that best describes the zone that becomes unsaturated when a well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped? | Cone of Depression |
| Regarding specific ethical issues, what forms of communication are appropriate with the Executive Director? | Letter and Telephone |
| The first metropolitan plan in the US was what? | Chicago Plan 1909 |
| What budgeting model can be described as involving capital projects that are linked to a comprehensive plan? | Capital Improvement Programming |
| According to the US Census, what can be described as a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county that is delineated by a local committee of census data users? | Census Tract |
| The term “Fast Tracking” can be describes what? | what occurs when time needs to be made up on a planning project |
| In 1928, the US Department of Commerce issued what act? | Standard City Planning Enabling Act |
| According to the US Census, what can be described as a geographic entity defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget for the use by federal statistical agencies that are based on the concept of a core area with a large population nucleus? | MSA |
| Which planning and budgeting system can be described as focusing on planning and not budgeting? | PPBS |
| Management by Objective (MBO) was created by who in 1954? | Peter Drucker |
| What are the key characteristics of New Regionalism? | I. A focus on specific territories and spatial planning II. A response to the problems of a metropolitan region III. Integrating environmental, equity and economic goals IV. Emphasis on urban design V. A more activist stance by the planners |
| What can be defined as a liquid formed by water percolating through a landfill? | Leachate |
| What describes a statistical diagram drawn that lets you plot data points based on two independent variables? | Scatter Diagram |
| What is described as a statistical technique that provides an estimate of one variable based upon a linear function of another variable? | Regression Analysis |
| A "variance" can be described as which of the following (statistics)? | a measure of dispersion around the mean |
| This is a range of values that includes a certain population parameter with a given probability. | Confidence Interval |
| (Associated Home Builders, Inc. v. City of Livermore (1976)) | A land use regulation is within the police power if it’s reasonably related to the public welfare. |
| This due process requires that the government must give parties notice and an opportunity to be heard in a fundamentally fair hearing by an impartial tribune | Procedural Due Process |
| This due process requires that a regulation must have a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental purpose | Substantive Due Process |
| The 5th Amendment applies due process to whom? | Federal Government |
| The 14th Amendment applies due process to whom? | The States |
| Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas (1974) found that a regulation only needs to be what? | Reasonable, not arbitrary |
| Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas (1974) Dealt with an ordinance defining what a family is. Court held that the ordinance did not violate due process and is rationally related to a permissible government objective. | Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas (1974) |
| Ordinance strictly defined family to limit household size for traffic congestion and overcrowding. Court found the ordinance violated equal protection because it impacted fundamental right of families to live together | Moore vs. City of East Cleveland (1977) |
| What is the police power? | A sovereign power of the state to regulate and control private behavior to protect and promote the greater public health, safety, morals, and welfare. |
| Lucas vs. S Carolina Coastal Commission (1992) dealt with what? | Deprivation of all economically viable use is an unconstitutional takings/ |
| What are two types of takings? | Physical (direct taking) and Regulatory (Indirect Taking) |
| What is a direct taking? | Gov exercises power of eminent domain to take possession of private property for public use upon payment of just compensation |
| What is an indirect taking? | Occurs when a landowner continues to own the land, but a regulation restricts the use of the property (height, zoning) |
| Agins v. Tiburon (1980) | City adopted an ordinance that changed the properties zoning limiting density. Agins sued claiming regulatory takings (5th-14th). The zoning ordinance was not a regulatory taking. |
| What did the court find in Agins vs. Tiburon (1980)? | Found that gov regulation of private property effects a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests. |
| What case said that the substantially advances test is not a valid method for identifying whether there was a regulatory taking under the 5th amendment? | Lingle v. Chevron (2005) |
| What case did the court find that there was no taking when the gov designated a building a historic landmark and precluding the potential expansion? | Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City (1978) |
| What is known as the government makes a demand for money or property? | Exaction |
| What do the Nollan and Dolan cases establish? | Specific rules for determining when an exaction is an impermissible taking under the 5th Amendment. These cases have limited the extent in which public agencies may condition development. |
| What case concluded that an exaction must have a essential nexus with the public harm sought to be addressed; land use restriction must be tied to the harm. | Nollan v. Cal Coastal Commission (1987) |
| What case extended the Nollan test through the rule of rough proportionality; the level of the exaction must be proportional to project impacts. | Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994) |
| What case dealt with a woman who wanted to expand her plumbing store and pave her parking lot? | Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994) |
| What court case dealt with the public welfare and benefit to implementing a redevelopment plan through eminent domain? | Berman vs. Parker (1954) |
| What case involved condemnation of privately owned property for use as part of a redevelopment plan? | Kelo vs. City of New London |
| What did the court uphold in Kelo vs. City of New London? | that the general benefits a community enjoyed from economic growth (that would result from condemnation and redevelopment) qualified the redevelopment plan as a permissible “public use” under the Takings Clause |
| The 1st Amendment deals with Freedom of Speech and what? | Religious Freedom |
| What amendment does the City of Renton v Playtime Theaters deal with? | 1st Amendment |
| The City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters dealt with what? | Adult businesses prevented by zoning to be 1000ft from schools, parks, churches, etc |
| What did the court find in City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters? | The ordinance was not aimed at the content. |
| What does RLUIPA stand for ? | Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. It protects religious institutions from unduly burdensome or discriminatory land use regulations. |
| What court case dealt with the court upholding the zoning ordinance? | Euclid v. Ambler Realty |
| What case dealt with the following? 14th Amendment/Due Process case; held that Kansas could prohibit the sale of alcohol based on local police power | Mugler vs. Kansas (1887) |
| What court case concluded that Boston could impose different height limits on buildings in different districts? | Welch v. Swasey (1909) |
| What court case held that a zoning ordinance establishing building setback lines was held unconstitutional and not valid use of police power; violated due process. | Eubank vs. City of Richmond (1912) |
| What case upheld the prohibition on establishing a brick kiln within a recently annexed 3-mile area? | Hadacheck vs. Sebastian |
| What court case had the Supreme Court indicted for first time that a land use regulation might be a taking if it goes too far | Pennsylvania Coal Co vs Mahon (1922) |
| What case took private property and resold to developer to achieve objectives of redevelopment plan; established aesthetics and redevelopment as valid purpose for exercising eminent domain? | Berman vs. Parker (1954) |
| What case upheld a growth control plan based on availability of public services? | Golden vs. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo (1972) |
| What case dealt with the failure to have standing to sue in an environmental lawsuit? What was the issue? | Sierra Club vs. Morton (1972), a ski resort in Sequoia Nat'l Park |
| What case did the Supreme Ct upheld restrictive definition of a “family” as being no more than 2 unrelated people; prevented unrelated college students from living together in single-family dwellings ? | Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas |
| What case held that zoning must promote general welfare and must provide for the opportunity to accommodate affordable housing? | South Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel |
| What case did the Court enforce full implementation and enforcement of federal Endangered Species Act? | TVA v. Hill (1978), it halted the Tellico Dam because of endangered snail darter |
| What case dealt with an ordinance that substantially restricted on-site an off-site billboards was ruled unconstitutional under 1st Amendment? | Metromedia v. City of San Diego (1981) |
| This court case concluded that agencies must provide fair share of affordable housing in their region? | South Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt Laurel II (1983) |
| What case dealt with the 5th Amendments just compensation clause requires compensation for temporary takings? | First Evangelical Church of Glendale v. Los Angeles County (1978) |
| What case concluded that the display of a homeowner's sign was protected by the 1st Amendment? | City of Laude v. Gilleo (1994) |
| What court case applied the federal ESA to land development; Secretary of Interiors definition of "harm" under ESA is valid? | Babbit vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities (1995) |
| What case dealt with the use of moratoria and reaffirmed the “parcel-as-a-whole” rule for takings review? | Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. TRPA, found that moratria is not per se taking under the 5th Amendment |
| This term refers to a decision-making strategy that attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than to identify an optimal solution. | Satisficing |
| Love Canal and Tar Creek are examples of what? | Superfund Sites |
| Dillon's rule does what? | Incorporates only the rights expressly given by the State |
| Links and hubs refer to what? | Green infrastructure networks |
| The "triple bottom line" refers to what? | Sustainability |
| What model states, "Where we are now, where we are going, where do we want to be, how do we get there, are we getting there?" | The New Oregon Model |
| The "Zone of Commuters" is associate with theory? | Concentric Zones |
| With a lot size of 10,000 sqft, an impervious lot coverage of 50%, and a maximum height of 3 stories, what's the largest building that can be built? | 15,000sq ft |
| The "shy distance" refers to what? | Sidewalk area that pedestrians tend to avoid. |
| Links and nodes are terms related to what? | Street Connectivity |
| MPOs ensure that existing and future expenditures of governmental funds for transportation projects and programs are base on a ___ planning process | Continuing, Cooperative, and Comprehensive |
| Which president signed NEPA into law? | Nixon |
| The shipment of electronic waste to third world nations is an example of a(n) _____ issue. | Environmental Justice |
| Non-attainment areas have what? | Poor ambient air quality standards. |
| These types of streets should be located every three to four miles in urban areas. | Principal Arterials |
| At what intervals should Minor Arterial be located? | One mile |
| The Rational Planning model includes what four things? | 1. Set goals. 2. Identify policy alternatives. 3. Evaluate means-to-ends. 4. Implement preferred strategy. |
| A "Pedestrian Shed" refers to what? | The area within 1/4 mile to 1/2 mile radius that people will walk |
| This is a non-possessory interest to use real property in possession of another person for a stated purpose. | Easement |
| The 1% flood event can occur how often? | every year |
| These streets typically have the highest VMT and minimal access. | Principal Arterial |
| What land use tool would you choose if you wanted to reduce lot sizes in exchange for open space concessions? | Planned Unit Development |
| A "Take" means to what? | Harass, harm, hunt, and or kill a threatened or endangered species |
| Which Constitutional amendment protects due process and equal protection? | 14th Amedment |
| Defensible Space is associated with? | CPTED |
| This type of public financing delineates a geographic area and then assesses a special tax to be used only in the area. | Special Tax District |
| This type of population estimation method includes using data such as building permits, voter registrations, and electric meter hookups. | Symptomatic |
| This type of survey is inexpensive but does not work well with the elderly or the poorly educated. | Mailed survey |
| Concurrency refers to what? | Growth Management |
| This is the most commonly used method of defining the base sector of a study area. | Location Quotient |
| This Supreme Court case upheld a redevelopment agency's ability to condemn land for aesthetic purposes, if tied to a general plan. | Berman vs. Parker |
| City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. involved which Constitutional amendment(s)? | First Amendment |
| This Supreme Court case ruled that a development exaction must have a rational nexus. | Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission |
| What two things are true of development impact fees? | 1. Are usually collected when building permits are issued. 2. Are a comprehensive approach for funding capital facilities required for the new development. |
| The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act and Standard City Planning Enabling Act are notable for their weaknesses in that what? | They fail to fully define the relationship between planning and zoning and they sanctioned the piece meal adoption of a comprehensive plan's components. |
| This type of street provides both access and traffic circulation with residential, commercial, and industrial areas by distributing traffic. | Collector |
| These three things are true of growth management policies. | 1. Upheld in Golden vs. Ramapo. 2. First used in Lexington, KY. 3. May typically involve sending and receiving zones. |
| The Resettlement Administration built what three Greenbelt towns? | 1. Greenbelt, MD. 2. Greenhills, OH. 3. Greendale, WI. |
| The Spectrum Act involves what? | The collocation of wireless telecommunication facilities. |
| A stratified sampling type does what? | Divides a given population into classes. |
| In 1961, this was the first state to institute statewide zoning. | Hawaii |
| He is regarded as the first professional planner in the United States. | Harland Bartholomew |
| This was the first Garden City and became a stimulus to the New Town movement. | Letchworth |
| This author wrote a book in 1890 that became a powerful stimulus for housing and neighborhood reform. | Jacob Riis |
| Charles Lindbloom is famous for which planning theory? | Incrementalism |
| This theory of human settlement states that development radiates out from the CBD and follows major transportation routes. | Sector Theory |
| This is the maximum decibel level acceptable for public housing according to HUD. | 75db |
| The siting of telecommunication facilities are approved by whom? | Local government |
| This planning theory posits that planners are political beings. | Advocacy Planning |
| Community shopping centers are typically how large in size? | 100,000 to 300,000 square feet |
| The Civil Rights Act was passed in? | 1964 |
| For water and sewerage systems, the average cost per service unit does what as the system nears capacity? | Decreases |
| Who would encourage neighbors who oppose a proposal to organize and use their collective power to disrupt a public hearing? | Saul Alinsky |
| This person is credited for developing the concept of the "neighborhood unit". | Clarence Perry |
| This type of performance budget model involves decision units. | Zero-Base Budgeting |
| This is America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. | Tennessee Valley Authority |
| This type of public financing delineates a geographic area and then assesses a special tax to be used only in the area. | Special Tax District |
| This analysis determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. | Shift Share Analysis |
| Father of regional planning? | Patrick Geddes |
| Father of zoning? | Edward Basset |
| What are the three C's of public participation? | Coalition building, consensus building, and conflict resolution |
| Placation, Consultation, and Informing are examples of what? | Tokenism, Shelly Arnstein Ladder |
| The first urban growth boundary was established in this city in 1958. | Lexington, KY |
| This is a technique that involves citizens addressing citizens regarding a proposal through a workshop format. | Fishbowl Planning |
| The first historic preservation commission was formed in this city in 1921. | New Orleans |
| This Supreme Court Case involved building height limitations by zones. | Welch vs. Swasey (1909) |
| The Supreme Court was concerned with this in Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon and Agins v. City of Tiburon. | Takings |
| This growth model theory posits that cities develop radially along thoroughfares and major commerce routes. | Sectory Theory, 1939 |
| She wrote "Modern Housing" in 1934. | Catherine Bauer Wurster |
| Ernest Burgess developed this theory in 1925. | Concentric Ring Theory |
| He was considered the first professional planner in America. | Harland Bartholomew |
| Father of modern ecology. | Ian McHarg |
| "Bid Rent Theory" was developed by him in 1960. | William Alonso |
| This is an intensive planning session where citizens, designers and others collaborate on a vision for development. | Design Charette |
| This federal legislation focused on slum clearance. | 1949 Housing Act |
| This is a communication technique that involves experts and multiple rounds of critique and discussion until an optimal solution is developed. | Policy Delphi |
| This provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history . | Ordinance of 1785 |
| This artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the west. | Erie Canal |
| This act was achieved when Congress authorized land grants from the Public Domain to the states. | Morrill Act of 1862 |
| Who wrote the report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States? | John Wesley Powell |
| This courts ruled in this case that the courts have the duty to strike down local laws that do not have a real or substantial relation to the police power? | Mulger vs. Kansas |
| This act authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves. | Forest Management Act |
| This act created funds from the sale of public land in arid states to supply water through the construction of water storage and irrigation works. | US Reclamation Act 1902 |
| This court case upheld the municipal regulation of building height and validated the use of construction standards to uphold public safety. | Welch vs. Swasey 1909 |
| What was the first English Garden City? | Letchworth |
| When was the Panama Canal completed? | 1914 |
| In this case, the courts upheld municipal regulation that governed the placement of land uses. | Hadacheck vs. Sebastian 1915 |
| Who wrote the book Cities in Evolution? | Patrick Geddes |
| When was the National Park Service Established? | 1916 |
| What was another name for the first Historic Preservation Commission in New Orleans? | Vieux Carre Commission |
| What county established the first regional planning commission in 1922? | Los Angeles |
| Which court case was the first to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking? | Pennsylvania Coal Co. vs. Mahon |
| In what case did the Supreme Court note that property may be regulated to a certain extent, but if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking? | Pennsylvania Coal Co. vs. Mahon |
| This planned neighborhood was designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. | Sunnyside Gardens |
| What court case upheld the constitutionality of zoning? | Village of Euclid vs. Ambler Realty |
| When was the Standards City Planning Enabling Act issued? | 1928 |
| What case did the court strike down as unconstitutional a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonably tied to a valid public purpose under the police power? | Nectow vs. City of Cambridge |
| Which state enacted law which included the first instance of rural zoning, authorized by county boards to regulate, restrict, and determine areas within which ag, forestry, and recreation may be conducted? | Wisconsin, 1929 |
| What year did the stock market crash? | 1929 |
| What case did the court rule that an owner cannnot make use of use of his property if it creates a material annoyance to his neighbor or if his neighbors property is lessened by the use? | Bove vs. Donner-Hanna Coke Corp |
| This Housing Act established FSLIC for insuring saving deposits and the FHA for insuring home mortgages. | Housing Act of 1934 |
| This Act's purose is to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes. | Taylor Grazing Act |
| This Act was formed in 1935 to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility. | Soil Conservation Act |
| Ladislas Segoe wrote what book? | Local Planning Administration |
| This housing act is tied to slum clearance for public housing and set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. | Housing Act of 1937 |
| This agency was created in 1947 and served as the predecessor to HUD. | Housing and Home Financing Agency |
| This housing act inaugurated urban renewal and pledged to construct 800,000 units. | Housing Act 1949 |
| What case did the court uphold the right of the Washington DC Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated ? | Berman vs. Parker, 1954 |
| What housing act stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance? | Housing Act 1954 |
| This Act in 1956 was created to establish the interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities over 50,000. | Federal Aid Highway Act, 1956 |
| When was the St. Lawrence Seaway completed? | 1959 |
| This state became the first to enact statewide zoning in 1961. | Hawaii |
| Paul Davidodd and Thomas Rheiner wrote what? | A Choice Theory of Planning |
| This agency succeeded the Housing and Home Finance Agency in 1965. | Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) |
| The US State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act inaugurated what in 1972? | General Revenue Sharing |
| What case did the court allow the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth? | Golden vs. Planning Board of Ramapo, NY |
| In Fasano vs. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that all zoning and rezoning must what? | Be consistent with applicable comprehensive plans |
| What court case did the SC established that limiting residents of housing units related to individuals was legitimate use of the police power? | Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas |
| What case did the New Jersey Supreme Court rule that the local zoning ordinance was unconstitutional where it conflicted with state defined fair housing practices? | Southern Burlington County NAACP vs. Township Mt. Laurel |
| The first AICP exam was in what year? | 1977 |
| What court case upheld New York's Landmark Preservation Law and found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use? | Penn Central Transportation Co. vs. City of New York |
| What case did the court hold that neither commercial nor non-commercial speech can be favored over the other? | Metromedia vs. City of San Diego |
| What case upheld a regulation that prohibited the attaching of signs to utility poles, and found that the regulation met all the tests? | Members of City Council vs. Taxpayers for Vincent, 1984 |
| What court case found that a temporary taking requires compensation? | First Evangelical Lutheran Church vs. County of Los Angeles |
| This court case found that land use restrictions, to be valid, must be tired directly to a specific public purpose. | Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission |
| This court case limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation. | Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council |
| This court case ruled that a jurisdiction must show that there is a rough proportionality between adverse impacts proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer. | Dolan vs. City of Tigard |
| What case ruled that a temporary building moratorium for the purpose of conducting planning studies to protect the public welfare is legitimate use of police power and does not constitute a taking? | Sierra vs. Tahoe |
| What court case upholds the decades-old practice of utilizing urban redevelopment and eminent domain for economic development purposes when such actions are backed by a redevelopment plan that underwent a full plan development process? | Kelo vs. City of New London, 2005 |
| What court case held that a taking dispute that is resolved at the state level cannot be relitigated at the federal level? | San Remo Hotel vs. San Francisco, 2005 |
| What court case overturned the "substantial advancement"test? | Lingle vs. Chevron, 2005 |
| This type of planning is similar to incrementalism and espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts. | Transactive Planning, John Freidman |
| This type of planning argues that planning is more effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems? | Radical Planning |
| What type of planning occurs when planners abandon the objective, act more like lawyers, they advocate and defend interests of a political group? | Advocacy Planning, Paul Davidoff |
| In Shelly Arnsteins Participation Ladder what does citizen control, delegated power, and partnership fall under? | Degrees of Citizen Power |
| In Shelly Arnsteins Participation Ladder what does therapy and manipulation fall under? | Non-Participation |
| In Shelly Arnsteins Participation Ladder what does placation, consultation, and informing fall under? | Tokenism |
| This type of spatial urban organization theory is often applied to cities with one or more CBD. | Multiple Nuclei Zone Theory, 1945, Harris and Ullman |
| Can eminent domain be exercised without just compensation to the owner from which the property is taken? | No |
| This type of movement seek to encourage walking ancd cycling as alternative transport modes, encourages neighbors to come together again, children to play outside in active recreation. | Healthy Living Movement |
| Planning commissioners are typically appointed by the ____________body. | Governing |
| This type of planning is a plan for the organization and not for the municipality as a whole. | Strategic Planning |
| What is the difference between strategic planning and management planning? | Strategic planning sets goals, objectives, and policies for reaching those objectives. While management planning evaluates specific programs on the basis of how they conform with the above policies. |
| What are the five major steps of the planning process? | 1. Basic goals. 2. study and analysis. 3. plan or policy preparation. 4. implementation and effectuation. 5. monitoring and feedback. |
| This is a preferred image of the community's long range future. | Vision Statement |
| These are value based statements that are not necessarily measurable. | Goals |
| These are more specific, measurable statements of desire ends. | Objectives |
| These are rules of courses of action that indicate how the goals and objectives of the plan should be realized. | Policies |
| These are a series of related, mission-related activities aimed at carrying out a particular policy or group of policies. | Program |
| These are a series of programs with specific actions. | Projects |
| Modern Planning is both what? | Normative and Technical |
| What is normative planning? | Develops the broad general basis for action. (think NORM = NORmal = Broad) |
| What is technical planning? | Planning concerned with specific, established purposes and the procedures employed in achieving those purposes. |
| This type of survey evaluates a point in time? | Cross Sectional Survey |
| This type of survey is used to evaluate a situation over time? | Longitudinal Survey |
| This type of survey is inexpensive, are convenient, but have slow response rate, and do not work well with the elderly or poorly educated. | Mail Survey |
| This type of survey is fast and cheap. It avoids biases, but requires trained interviewers. | Telephone Survey |
| This type of survey works well with long questionnaires, but it very expensive. | In-person Survey |
| A constant is what? | An unchanging value. |
| This is a simple quantity of function that mat assume any given value or set of values. | Variable |
| This is a descriptive term used when the above variable types fall on either side of the nominal or ordinal scale. | Qualitative |
| This is a descriptive term used when the above variable types fall on either side of the interval or ratio scale. | Quantitative |
| What is nominal scale? | Assignment of numbers or symbols for the purpose of designating sub-classes |
| What is the ordinal scale? | Assignment of numbers or symbols for the purpose of identifying ordered relationships (think ORDinal = ORDered relationships) |
| What is interval scale? | Assignment of numbers for the purpose of identifying ordered relationships of a particular characteristic. |
| What is ratio scale? | Assignment of numbers for the purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristics with the ability to determine differences and an absolute zero point. |
| This a graphical display of frequency distribution. | Histogram |
| This is the measure of how much data in a certain collection are scattered around the mean. | Standard Deviation |
| This is the square root of the standard deviation. | Variance |
| A low standard deviation means what? | that the data is tightly clustered |
| A high standard deviation means what? | that the data is widely scattered |
| This is where the values for the mean and median are equal. This is commonly called the bell curve, and is symmetrical when charted. | Normal Distribution |
| This is a statistical test of the effect one variable has on another while holding all other conditions constant. | Regression |
| This is calculated for current population levels. | Estimate |
| This is calculated for future population levels. | Projections |
| These are subjective and apply to only selected projections. | Forecasts |
| This is the total number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population. | Death Rate |
| This is the total number of babies born per 1000 females in their childbearing years. | Birth Rate |
| How do you calculate migration rates? | Subtract out-migration from in-migration. positive = net in-migration, negative = net-out migration |
| This population projection is commonly used to predict what the population will be for a given area in the future and depends on the birth rate, death rate, and migration rate. | Cohort Survival or Cohort Component |
| This a descriptive analysis technique for analyzing sources of change in the regional economy by looking at national share, industry mix, and regional shift. | Shift Share Analysis |
| This is used for indirect method of defining the base sector of a study area, and also used to tell us the amount of export-based in each industry. | Location Quotient |
| LQ of 1 means what? | That the industry's local share of the economy is equivalent to the same industry's share in the national economy. |
| How do you calculate location quotient? | Percent local employment / Percent national employment |
| This is an area consisting of one or more counties that contain an urbanized core of over 50,000. | MSA or Metropolitan Statistical Area |
| This is a small census unit with approximately 4,000 residents. | Census Tracts |
| These are measured as the smallest census unit. | Census Blocks |
| This is a population estimate method that uses an areas population is proportionally derived from projections of a larger region to which the area belongs. | Step Down Method or the Ratio Method |
| This is a population estimate method that estimates an areas population based on the historical characteristics and trends of another similar area. | The Comparative Method |
| Marsh wrote what book? | Man and Nature |
| An environmental assessment is performed to determine if a particular action requires an EIS. | True |
| The Clean Air Act was reenacted and amended in what years? | 1970,1977,1990 |
| If the environmental assessment for a proposed federal project finds that an EIS is not required then what must be filed? | Finding Of No Significant Impact (FONSI) |
| This law regulates the transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of solid and toxic wastes. | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976 |
| This Act in 1968 provided insurance for this type of natural disaster and necessitated the creation of flood insurance maps. | National Flood Insurance Act, 1968 |
| The Superfund Act of 1980 addresses toxic contaminated site and does one of these two actions to address the issue. | Remedial Actions (permanent solutions and clean up) and Removal Actions (not permanent, typically fence off site) |
| This Act requires the EPA to establish air quality controls and set ambient air standards for each region. | Clean Air Act |
| This Act established the NPDES, requiring all point source discharges to acquire and maintain a permit. | Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 1972 |
| This type of zoning simply lists the land uses permitted in each zoning district. | Euclidean Zoning |
| This type of zoning sets performance standards for each zone that either minimum requirements or maximum limits for use of characteristics. | Performance Zoning |
| This type of zoning requires residential developers to include affordable housing in their developments. | Inclusionary Zoning |
| Which state became the first to institute mandatory referral of subdivision plats? | New Jersey, 1913 |
| What are three types of exactions? | 1. Improvements and dedications of lands. 2. Fees in lieu of dedication. 3. Impact Fees |
| True or False: Impact fees a method of funding capital facilities required by a series of new development? | True |
| When are impact fees collected? | When building permits are issued. |
| True or False: Impact fees have to be directly ties to requirements for improvements or dedications of land. | False, they do not have to. |
| What is the typical size of a neighborhood shopping center? | 50,000 to 100,000 square feet |
| What is the typical size of a community shopping center? | 100,000 to 300,000 square feet |
| What is the typical size of a Regional shopping center? | 300,000 to 1,000,000 square feet |
| Water systems are planned to supply each citizen approximately how many gallons of water per day? | 100 to 200 gallons |
| For both water and sewerage systems, the average cost per service unit ___________ as the system nears its capacity. | Decreases |
| This is the actual wastewater flow. | Sewage |
| This is the system of sewers and treatement facilities. | Sewerage |
| This is a pipe used to carry wastewater. | Sewer |
| Are sewers maintained under pressure? | No, but all water systems are. |
| What are the three types of sewerage treatments? | 1. Primary. 2. Secondary. 3. Tertiary. |
| This energy theory states that for any given geographic area, the rate of petroleum production follows a bell curve. | Hubbert Peak Theory |
| What are the four most common renewable energy sources? | 1. Wind. 2. Solar. 3. Water. 4. Geothermal. |
| Albedo measures what? | Measure of how much light it reflects. |
| Basic medical care should generally be provided at a ratio of one physician for every what? | 1,000 population |
| This was the first national coast-to-coast highway. | Lincoln Highway |
| The Federal-Aid Housing Act of _____________ said that states may use up to 1.5 percent of a highway project's federal construction funds for planning. | 1934 |
| What year was each state required to have a DOT? | 1916 |
| What court cases dealt with concurreny as a growth management tool? | Petaluma, Ramapo, and Livermore |
| What type of budget uses expenditures that are divided into simple classes such as personnel, equipment, and insurance? | Line Item Budgets |
| What type of budget organizes expenditures by services that they provide and evaluate standards for each service or program? | Performance Budgets |
| This budgeting technique uses decision units are not isolated, they are put into packages, then the packages are prioritized by management, and the budget is compiled. Each year this budget starts at zero. | Zero-Base Budgeting |
| This budgeting technique focuses more on planning than budgeting. | PPBS |
| This a multiyear scheduling of public physical improvements. This also covers a span of 5-6 years. | Capital Improvements Programming |
| Capital Improvements Programming dates back to what? | Chicago Plan, 1909 |
| These are funds that are placed aside for emergency purposes or for times when an expenditure is needed that simply cannot be accommodated in the current budget. | Reserve Funds |
| These revenues are commonly known as "the levy" and refer to monies raised through traditional taxing methods. | Current Revenues |
| This is full taxing power of the involved municipality, school district, or special taxing authority is pledged to retire these bonds. | General Obligation Bonds |
| These bonds are usually sold to finance projects that will produce revenues. These are not backed by the full taxing power of the involved municipality . | Revenue Bonds |
| This is a tax assessed on those who will benefit from the project or purchase being financed. | Special Assesments |
| This is when a private company builds a facility or provides a piece of equipment, the involved government then rents-to-own the item. | Lease to Own |
| What are three approaches to program evaluation? | Pragmatic (constituent based and short-term, immediate solutions), Adaptive (make incremental changes), and Cognitive (define problems) |
| What are two types of program evaluation? | Positive analysis (this is purely descriptive in nature, merely defines and describes the current situation), Normative analysis (is more prescriptive and forecasts outcomes and alternatives) |
| This identifies the best combination of resources to obtain a desired outcome, generally used when resources are scarce. | Linear Programming |
| This analysis is a cost effectiveness analysis that permits comparisons across alternatives and multiple goals. | Cost Benefit Analysis |
| Staff planning department performs what? | policy analysis for the governing body, the chief executive and other municipal departments |
| The Line planning department performs what? | subdivision reviews, zoning ordinance amendments, and code enforcement. |
| What are four types of planning agency sub units? | 1. function (transportation planning, land use). 2. process (steps necessary to the agencys work). 3. Time (current or long-range). 4. Area (assigned to geographic areas). |
| This refers to an organizational attempt to build stronger relationships between a planning agency and the outside officials. | Development Management |
| This is a when a planning director and his subordinates set organizational goals and objectives. | Management by Objectives (MBO) |
| This system graphically depicts the relationships among a projects constituent tasks as links in a web. | PERT |
| What year was the first Federal Highway Act? | 1916 |
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