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AICP Fundamentals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| White City is who | Daniel Burnhum |
| White City which movement | City Beautiful Movement |
| White City year | 1893 |
| Garden City is who, what year | Ebenezer Howard 1898 |
| Garden City ownership | public ownership |
| Garden City 1st example | Letchworth, England |
| Garden City 2 US examples | Sunnyside Gardens, NY (1924) became a suburb & Radburn, NJ (1928) too small |
| Three New Deal Greenbelt Towns | Garden City attempts: Greenhill, OH, Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD |
| Who tried Garden Cities with New Deal | Tugwell |
| Name two towns big in Post WWII Tract Homes | Levittown, NY & Park Forest, IL |
| When did Tract Homes become big | 1947 post-WW!! |
| New Towns started when | 1960s |
| Movement in response to urban renewal | New Towns |
| 2 New Town Examples, and who made them | Reston, VA 1962 Robert Simon Live/Work/Play & Columbia, MD 1963 James Rouse mix income |
| First New Urbanist City | Mariemont, OH |
| 2 ppl associated with Mariemont, OH | Mary Muhlenberg Emery & John Nolen |
| 4 New Urbanism Cities | 1 Seaside FL touristy 1984 2 Kentlands, MD residential 1988 3 Celebration FL Disney 1996 4 Mississippi Coast 2005 |
| Name 3 ppl associated with New Urbanism | Duany | Calthorpe | Plater-Zyberg |
| Name one + and one – of New Urbanism | form works but mixed income not successful |
| Three theories of urban growth | Concentric Circle, Sector, Multi-nuclei |
| Concentric Circle – who, what, when | Burgess, succession and invasion, CBD-warehouse-residential, 1923 |
| Sector – who, what, when | Hoyt, higher values along axial lines of growth, 1939 |
| Multiple Nuclei – who, what, when | Harris+Ullman, no one central location, multiple districts, 1945 |
| 6 theories of planning | 1. Rational 2. Incremental 3. Transactive 4. Advocacy 5. Radical 6. Communicative |
| Rational planning – when, approach, problem | 1900-1950, scientific approach, doesn’t include ppl, expensive to implement |
| Incremental planning – who, book, approach, problem | Charles Lindblom, Science of Muddling Through, still scientific, but incremental; still no public involvement |
| Transactive planning – approach, limitations | face-to-face; decentralized planning; good for small problems, but not complex or beyond a small neighborhood |
| Advocacy planning – 2 names, practice, spinoff where | Paul Davidoff & Saul Alinsky, integrate various perspectives into one plan, Equity Planning Cleveland (1970s-1980s) |
| Radical Planning – practice, limitations | neighborhoods responsible for planning; coordination btw nbhds doesn’t exist, resource limitation, uncommon |
| Communicative planning – approach | consensus to problem solve |
| Who is Mel Scott | wrote History of City Planning |
| What did ppl think of cities in 1900s | city was a problem to be solved scientifically |
| What was “Boston 1915”, who, why failed | 16-pt plan to solve urban problem, Brandeis, failed b/c suburbs didn’t want to participate |
| Who hosted 1st APA Conf and when | Olmsted in 1910 |
| Theme of 1st APA Conf | too much data and day-to-day focus, we must look at the web |
| When the US become urbanized | 1920s |
| Who led focus on traffic safety | Hoover |
| Who led response to dangerous roads with planned nbhd unit | Clarence Perry |
| When did Texas allow there to be zoning? | 1920s but there was not good ordinance guidance |
| Who is David Kruckenberg | author of Introduction to Planning History |
| First national planning conference year, topic, location | 1909, DC, congestion |
| Walter Moody wrote what when | Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, 1912 |
| Flavel Shurtleff wrote what when | Carrying out the City Plan, first textbook on urban planning |
| Year ACIP was founded and 1st president | 1917, Olmsted |
| Year ACIP was renamed AIP | 1939 |
| First year JAPA was published (as City Planning) | 1925 |
| American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded | 1934 |
| AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners | 1971 |
| first exam for AIP membership was administered | 1977 |
| Year American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO | 1978 |
| Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research. | 1981 |
| Who and when passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses | San Francisco 1867 |
| What city and when created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. | 1903 Cleveland |
| first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles and when | San Francisco 1906 |
| the first town planning board was created in…(and when) | Hartford, CT 1907 |
| Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago(and when) | Daniel Burnham 1909 |
| Which was the first state to pass enabling legislation and when | Wisconsin 1909 |
| Which was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development and when | Los Angeles 1909 |
| Which city hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, when, and who was it? | Newark, NJ Harland Bartholomew 1914 |
| What city adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, when, and who wrote it? | NYC, Edward Bassett, 1916 |
| Which county formed the first regional planning commission and when? | Los Angeles County 1922 |
| Under which Secretary did U.S. Department of Commerce issued the Standard STATE ZONING Enabling Act, and when? | Hoover 1924 |
| first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, when, who | Cincinnati, 1925, Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe |
| Under which Secretary did US Dept of Commerce released the Standard CITY PLANNING Enabling Act, and when? | 1928 Hoover |
| Year first U.S. National Planning Board created | 1933 |
| first federally supported public housing was CONSTRUCTED in… | Cleveland 1934 |
| first federally supported public housing was INHABITED in… | Atlanta 1934 |
| the first state to introduce statewide zoning and when | Hawaii 1961 |
| Jacob Riis 1890 | How the Other Half Lives resulted in housing reform in New York City |
| Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898 | Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform |
| Walter Moody, published in 1912 | Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago |
| Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914 | Carrying Out the City Plan first major textbook on city planning |
| Patrick Geddess, published in 1915 | Cities in Evolution This book centers on regional planning |
| Nelson Lewis, published in 1916 | Planning of the Modern City |
| Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941 | Local Planning Administration |
| F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957 | Urban Land Use Planning |
| Kevin Lynch, published in 1960 | Image of the City basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes |
| Jane Jacobs, published in 1961 | The Death and Life of Great American Cities focus on the mistakes of urban renewal |
| Richard Florida, published in 2003 | The Rise of the Creative Class |
| Rachel Carlson, published in 1962 | Silent Spring |
| TJ Kent, published in 1964 | The Urban General Plan |
| Alfred Reins, published in 1966 | With Heritage So Rich seminal book in historic preservation |
| Ian McHarg, published in 1969 | Design with Nature focuses on conservation design |
| William Whyte, published in 1980 | The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design |
| Charles Abrams | created the New York Housing Authority, 1965,The City is the Frontier, criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing. |
| Thomas Adams | Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and first manager of Letchworth. garden suburbs in England and teach planning at MIT and Harvard. |
| Saul Alinsky | organized Chicago's poor 1930s/1940s. 1946 wrote Reveille for Radicals, poor involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals, 13 rules for community organizing. |
| Sherry Arnstein | "A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized |
| Robert Moses | transformed NYC public works from the 1930s -1950s. expanded the state's park system, built parkways, parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, public housing. |
| Rexford Tugwell | Resettlement Administration. greenbelt cities program, involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, NYC Planning Commission. governor of Puerto Rico. |
| Sir Raymond Unwin | was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University. |
| Catherine Bauer Wurster | founder of American housing policy. Reform housing and city planning policy. Regional Planning Association of America. wrote Modern Housing, Housing Act of 1937. |
| Clarence Perry | developed the neighborhood unit concept which can be seen in Rayburn, New Jersey. He was a key contributor to the Regional Survey of New York and its Environs. |
| John Nolen | designed Mariemont, Ohio, planner and landscape architect. first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida. |
| Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr. | father of landscape architecture. Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. Riverside in 1868. |
| Paolo Soleri | an architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment |
| The Land Ordinance of 1785 | provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest; end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public. |
| 1862 Homestead Act | provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and 5 years of residence. Settled 10% land area of the US. Morrill Act, allowed new western states to establish colleges. |
| 1891 General Land Law Revision Act | provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation. |
| 1897 Forest Management Act | allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. |
| 1902 U.S. Reclamation Act | allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems. |
| 1903 Public Lands Commission | propose rules for land development and management. |
| 1906 Antiquities Act | first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments. |
| 1935 Resettlement Administration | formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns |
| 1944 Serviceman's Readjustment Act | GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs. |
| The McMillan Plan of 1901 | incorporated many of the principles of the City Beautiful movement. focus on boulevards and civic center spaces. L'Enfant Plan Washington DC |
| The Chicago Plan of 1909 | Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan. focused on the City Beautiful movement. It also focused on riverfront development and civic center spaces. |
| The Cincinnati Plan focused on | infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission. |
| Regional Plan for New York and Environs | focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford, 1922 -1929 |
| U.S. Housing Act of 1954 | largest impetus for comprehensive planning. Required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. |
| comprehensive plans shifted to more of a social focus in these decades | 1970-1980s; Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970 addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation. |
| Oregon and Minnesota passed laws requiring comprehensive planning in | 1975 |
| Florida passed a law that required communities to develop comprehensive plans in | 1980 |
| Maryland adopted what in 1997 | Smart Growth legislation that ties state-level capital investment to development in specific areas. |
| Order from inside to outside of Concentric Circle Theory 5 rings | 1. CBD govt + business 2. industrial 3. transition zone mixed industrial + low-income housing 4. worker homes 5. high-class residential |
| Central Place Theory - who, when, what | Walter Christaller in 1933. This theory explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services. |
| Mixed Scanning Planning Theory - who, when, what | Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between the rational and incremental planning theories. Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture. |
| Norman Krumholz known for what where | Equity Planning in Cleveland |
| John Friedmann wrote what about what | Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. In it he discusses the concept of radical planning. |
| constitution allows for police power under which amendment | 10th |
| Mugler v. Kansas (1887) | Supreme Court found that a state has the right to regulate a brewery. Police Power 10th amendment |
| Dillon’s Rule applies in state’s where | rights of cities are only those that have been specifically authorized by the state |
| home Rule states are those in which | cities have the right to develop their own regulations, except where the state has specifically stated otherwise. |
Created by:
galquist