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AICP Fundamentals

Question	Answer
White City is who	Daniel Burnhum
White City which movement	City Beautiful Movement
White City year	1893
Garden City is who, what year	Ebenezer Howard 1898
Garden City ownership	public ownership
Garden City 1st example	Letchworth, England
Garden City 2 US examples	Sunnyside Gardens, NY (1924) became a suburb & Radburn, NJ (1928) too small
Three New Deal Greenbelt Towns	Garden City attempts: Greenhill, OH, Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD
Who tried Garden Cities with New Deal	Tugwell
Name two towns big in Post WWII Tract Homes	Levittown, NY & Park Forest, IL
When did Tract Homes become big	1947 post-WW!!
New Towns started when	1960s
Movement in response to urban renewal	New Towns
2 New Town Examples, and who made them	Reston, VA 1962 Robert Simon Live/Work/Play & Columbia, MD 1963 James Rouse mix income
First New Urbanist City	Mariemont, OH
2 ppl associated with Mariemont, OH	Mary Muhlenberg Emery & John Nolen
4 New Urbanism Cities	1 Seaside FL touristy 1984 2 Kentlands, MD residential 1988 3 Celebration FL Disney 1996 4 Mississippi Coast 2005
Name 3 ppl associated with New Urbanism	Duany \| Calthorpe \| Plater-Zyberg
Name one + and one – of New Urbanism	form works but mixed income not successful
Three theories of urban growth	Concentric Circle, Sector, Multi-nuclei
Concentric Circle – who, what, when	Burgess, succession and invasion, CBD-warehouse-residential, 1923
Sector – who, what, when	Hoyt, higher values along axial lines of growth, 1939
Multiple Nuclei – who, what, when	Harris+Ullman, no one central location, multiple districts, 1945
6 theories of planning	1. Rational 2. Incremental 3. Transactive 4. Advocacy 5. Radical 6. Communicative
Rational planning – when, approach, problem	1900-1950, scientific approach, doesn’t include ppl, expensive to implement
Incremental planning – who, book, approach, problem	Charles Lindblom, Science of Muddling Through, still scientific, but incremental; still no public involvement
Transactive planning – approach, limitations	face-to-face; decentralized planning; good for small problems, but not complex or beyond a small neighborhood
Advocacy planning – 2 names, practice, spinoff where	Paul Davidoff & Saul Alinsky, integrate various perspectives into one plan, Equity Planning Cleveland (1970s-1980s)
Radical Planning – practice, limitations	neighborhoods responsible for planning; coordination btw nbhds doesn’t exist, resource limitation, uncommon
Communicative planning – approach	consensus to problem solve
Who is Mel Scott	wrote History of City Planning
What did ppl think of cities in 1900s	city was a problem to be solved scientifically
What was “Boston 1915”, who, why failed	16-pt plan to solve urban problem, Brandeis, failed b/c suburbs didn’t want to participate
Who hosted 1st APA Conf and when	Olmsted in 1910
Theme of 1st APA Conf	too much data and day-to-day focus, we must look at the web
When the US become urbanized	1920s
Who led focus on traffic safety	Hoover
Who led response to dangerous roads with planned nbhd unit	Clarence Perry
When did Texas allow there to be zoning?	1920s but there was not good ordinance guidance
Who is David Kruckenberg	author of Introduction to Planning History
First national planning conference year, topic, location	1909, DC, congestion
Walter Moody wrote what when	Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, 1912
Flavel Shurtleff wrote what when	Carrying out the City Plan, first textbook on urban planning
Year ACIP was founded and 1st president	1917, Olmsted
Year ACIP was renamed AIP	1939
First year JAPA was published (as City Planning)	1925
American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded	1934
AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners	1971
first exam for AIP membership was administered	1977
Year American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO	1978
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.	1981
Who and when passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of obnoxious uses	San Francisco 1867
What city and when created the first local civic center plan in the U.S.	1903 Cleveland
first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles and when	San Francisco 1906
the first town planning board was created in…(and when)	Hartford, CT 1907
Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago(and when)	Daniel Burnham 1909
Which was the first state to pass enabling legislation and when	Wisconsin 1909
Which was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development and when	Los Angeles 1909
Which city hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, when, and who was it?	Newark, NJ Harland Bartholomew 1914
What city adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, when, and who wrote it?	NYC, Edward Bassett, 1916
Which county formed the first regional planning commission and when?	Los Angeles County 1922
Under which Secretary did U.S. Department of Commerce issued the Standard STATE ZONING Enabling Act, and when?	Hoover 1924
first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, when, who	Cincinnati, 1925, Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
Under which Secretary did US Dept of Commerce released the Standard CITY PLANNING Enabling Act, and when?	1928 Hoover
Year first U.S. National Planning Board created	1933
first federally supported public housing was CONSTRUCTED in…	Cleveland 1934
first federally supported public housing was INHABITED in…	Atlanta 1934
the first state to introduce statewide zoning and when	Hawaii 1961
Jacob Riis 1890	How the Other Half Lives resulted in housing reform in New York City
Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898	Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Walter Moody, published in 1912	Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago
Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914	Carrying Out the City Plan first major textbook on city planning
Patrick Geddess, published in 1915	Cities in Evolution This book centers on regional planning
Nelson Lewis, published in 1916	Planning of the Modern City
Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941	Local Planning Administration
F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957	Urban Land Use Planning
Kevin Lynch, published in 1960	Image of the City basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes
Jane Jacobs, published in 1961	The Death and Life of Great American Cities focus on the mistakes of urban renewal
Richard Florida, published in 2003	The Rise of the Creative Class
Rachel Carlson, published in 1962	Silent Spring
TJ Kent, published in 1964	The Urban General Plan
Alfred Reins, published in 1966	With Heritage So Rich seminal book in historic preservation
Ian McHarg, published in 1969	Design with Nature focuses on conservation design
William Whyte, published in 1980	The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design
Charles Abrams	created the New York Housing Authority, 1965,The City is the Frontier, criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Thomas Adams	Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and first manager of Letchworth. garden suburbs in England and teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
Saul Alinsky	organized Chicago's poor 1930s/1940s. 1946 wrote Reveille for Radicals, poor involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals, 13 rules for community organizing.
Sherry Arnstein	"A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized
Robert Moses	transformed NYC public works from the 1930s -1950s. expanded the state's park system, built parkways, parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, public housing.
Rexford Tugwell	Resettlement Administration. greenbelt cities program, involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, NYC Planning Commission. governor of Puerto Rico.
Sir Raymond Unwin	was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
Catherine Bauer Wurster	founder of American housing policy. Reform housing and city planning policy. Regional Planning Association of America. wrote Modern Housing, Housing Act of 1937.
Clarence Perry	developed the neighborhood unit concept which can be seen in Rayburn, New Jersey. He was a key contributor to the Regional Survey of New York and its Environs.
John Nolen	designed Mariemont, Ohio, planner and landscape architect. first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr.	father of landscape architecture. Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. Riverside in 1868.
Paolo Soleri	an architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment
The Land Ordinance of 1785	provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest; end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.
1862 Homestead Act	provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and 5 years of residence. Settled 10% land area of the US. Morrill Act, allowed new western states to establish colleges.
1891 General Land Law Revision Act	provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
1897 Forest Management Act	allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves.
1902 U.S. Reclamation Act	allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
1903 Public Lands Commission	propose rules for land development and management.
1906 Antiquities Act	first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
1935 Resettlement Administration	formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns
1944 Serviceman's Readjustment Act	GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
The McMillan Plan of 1901	incorporated many of the principles of the City Beautiful movement. focus on boulevards and civic center spaces. L'Enfant Plan Washington DC
The Chicago Plan of 1909	Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan. focused on the City Beautiful movement. It also focused on riverfront development and civic center spaces.
The Cincinnati Plan focused on	infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
Regional Plan for New York and Environs	focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford, 1922 -1929
U.S. Housing Act of 1954	largest impetus for comprehensive planning. Required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701.
comprehensive plans shifted to more of a social focus in these decades	1970-1980s; Second Regional Plan of New York and Environs of 1970 addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation.
Oregon and Minnesota passed laws requiring comprehensive planning in	1975
Florida passed a law that required communities to develop comprehensive plans in	1980
Maryland adopted what in 1997	Smart Growth legislation that ties state-level capital investment to development in specific areas.
Order from inside to outside of Concentric Circle Theory 5 rings	1. CBD govt + business 2. industrial 3. transition zone mixed industrial + low-income housing 4. worker homes 5. high-class residential
Central Place Theory - who, when, what	Walter Christaller in 1933. This theory explains the size and spacing of cities. The theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people willing to travel to receive goods and services.
Mixed Scanning Planning Theory - who, when, what	Amitai Etzioni introduced the concept of mixed scanning as a compromise between the rational and incremental planning theories. Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture.
Norman Krumholz known for what where	Equity Planning in Cleveland
John Friedmann wrote what about what	Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. In it he discusses the concept of radical planning.
constitution allows for police power under which amendment	10th
Mugler v. Kansas (1887)	Supreme Court found that a state has the right to regulate a brewery. Police Power 10th amendment
Dillon’s Rule applies in state’s where	rights of cities are only those that have been specifically authorized by the state
home Rule states are those in which	cities have the right to develop their own regulations, except where the state has specifically stated otherwise.

Created by: galquist

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