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Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | sudden, unexplained episodes of shortness of breath, awakens the person sleeping in supine. |
| Orthopnea | difficulty breathing when not sitting up; relieved by sitting up |
| Syncope | fainting or lightheadedness caused by decreased oxygen to the brain when heart’s pumping ability becomes compromised. |
| Claudication- | cramping or leg pain with PVD; may be more functionally debilitating and may be intermittent in nature |
| Peripheral edema- | hallmark of right ventricular failure (CHF) arms and legs are swollen |
| ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE | Also known as ‘coronary artery disease’ and ‘coronary heart disease’ What: insufficient blood supply to myocardium, causing insufficient O2 to heart. |
| Arteriosclerosis: | artery hardening; thickening and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries |
| Atherosclerosis: | thickening of wall through accumulation of lipids; hardening with plaque buildup |
| HYPERTENSIVE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE- hypertension | Hypertension diagnosis is a DBP >90mmHg, SBP >140mmHg or both on 2 separate occasions 2 weeks apart |
| Diastolic- | pressure in arteries during relaxation phase of heart (bottom number) |
| Systolic- | pressure in arties during contraction phase of heart (top number) |
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Right side: | failure to pump blood to the lungs |
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Left side: | prevents heart from pumping enough blood through arteries to rest of body (resp) |
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE There are 3 compensatory mechanisms: | First: heart enlarges chambers in order to hold more blood and eject more blood from heart Second: sympathetic nervous systems stimulates heart to pump more often Third: kidneys retain water and sodium in order to increase blood volume |
| ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION (POSTURAL)- Pathogenesis: | excessive fall in BP of 20mmHg or > in SBP or 10mmHg in SBP & DBP and increase in pulse by 15bpm upon assuming erect position (changing from supine to sit to stand). More prevalent in the morning, can be due to decreased cardiac output or medications |
| Sinoatrial node- | right atrium; begins depolarization process “pacemaker” of the heart |
| Atrioventricular node- | between upper and lower chambers; slows impulses down |
| Bundle of His- | designed to take impulses to the ventricular muscles; branches to L & R |
| P wave- | electrical impulses traveling across atria |
| QRS complex- | impulses traveling across ventricles |
| T wave- | recovery of ventricles after stimulation |
| SINUS TACHYCARDIA- | Pathogenesis- abnormally rapid heart rate > 100bpm |
| SINUS BRADYCHARDIA- | Pathogenesis- heart rate <60bpm; |
| Stenosis- | narrowing or constricting that prevents the valve from opening fully and may be caused by scars |
| Insufficiency- | valve does not close properly and causes blood to flow back to chamber |
| Prolapse- | affects mitral or tricuspid valve and occurs when enlarged leaflets bulge backward into atrium |
| Mitral stenosis- | sequel from rheumatic fever; may be asymptomatic or develop dyspnea, pulmonary edema |
| Mitral regurgitation- | from ischemic heart disease, no symptoms until severe; DOE, fatigue |
| Mitral valve prolapse- | genetic, complication from disease |
| INFECTIVE CARDITIS- | Pathogenesis- infection of inside lining of heart; mitral valve is most commonly damaged, vegetations are present |
| PERICARDITIS- Pathogenesis- drug-induced or result of diseases; pericardium may become fibrotic; have tampanade (restricted movement and function) and effusion (fluid accumulation). | Pathogenesis- drug-induced or result of diseases; pericardium may become fibrotic; have tampanade (restricted movement and function) and effusion (fluid accumulation). |
| ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISORDERS- arteriosclerosis obliterans (PAD) | Pathogenesis- usually due to atherosclerosis (thrombosis and embolism) |
| Serum electrolytes- | abnormalities in levels can lead to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest |
| Potassium- Low- | can lead to arrhythmias, digitals toxicity, and watch if taken with diuretics |
| Potassium- High- | K supplements, renal, or endocrine problems, arrhythmias and asystole |
| Magnesium- | Low- arrhythmias, fibrillation |
| Sodium- indicate water or fluid imbalance Low- | water overload or extensive NA loss; diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea |
| High- | water deficit, dehydration |
| Calcium- Low- | ventricular arrhythmias and arrest, renal failure, laxative or antacid abuse |
| High- | heart blocks, arrhythmias, arrest, vitamin D excess, some diuretic |
| Hematocrit- Males- | 37-39% |
| Hematocrit- Females- | 36-46% |
| Hemoglobin- Males- | 13-18 g/dl |
| Females- | 12-16 g/dl |
| Platelet Count- | 150,000-450,000 cells/mm3 |
| Cardiac enzymes- | denote myocardial infarction, damage to heart muscle; (troponin, creatinine phosphokinase, and myoglobin |
| Lipids- Low density- | < 160 mg/d |
| Lipids-High density- | < 40 mg/dl |
| Lipids-Cholesterol- | < 200 mg/dl |
| Lipids-Triglycerides- | < 100 mg/dl |
Created by:
abmulgrew