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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: What does the scientific of human development seek to understand?Answer: Seeks to understand how and why people-- all kinds of people, everywhere, of age-- change overtime Question: Developmental Science is __________meaning that it is based on data, experiences, demonstrations, and facts.Answer: Question: List in order the steps of the scientific method:Answer: 1) Begin w/ curiosity
2) Develop a hypothesis
3) Test the Hypothesis
4) Draw ) Report the results Question: A specific, testable prediction that forms the basis of a research project is called a _______.Answer: Question: To repeat an experiment test procedures and obtain the same results is to_______the test of the hypothesis.Answer: Question: The question of how much of any characteristic is the result of genes and how much is the result of experience is the______-- ____ debate. In this debate, ___refers to environmental influences and ____refers to the influences of genes that people inherit.Answer: --Nurture; Nurture; Nature Question: Genes and environment (affect/ do not affect) every aspect of .Answer: Question: A time when certain things must occur for normal development is a _____ ______. At certain points there may also be a _________ ________, when a particular development occurs most easily. An example of this is _______.Answer: Critical period; sensitive ; language Question: What are two variables that interact to affect the likelihood that a will commit a violent crime?Answer: a) Past child abuse
b) A of the gene that produces the enzyme MAOA Question: The value of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding human development can be seen in research on the origins of___in young . Answer: Question: One study found that mistreated boys were more likely to be overly_if they had a particular variation in the _gene. However, even if they inherited the (high/low) variation of this gene, boys who had not been tended to become peaceable adults. Answer: Aggressive; MAOA; Question: The third crucial element in the definition of developmental science is the issue of whether individuals____or____ ____ _____ over time.Answer: ; remain the same Question: The approach that stresses fluctuation and transitions in development is the _____-_____ theory. The word _____ captures the idea that _____________________________________________________________.Answer: dynamic-systems; system; change in one part of a person, or family, or society will all other aspects of development. Question: Cohen predicts that because "baby boomers" grew up in an era that promoted independence and assertiveness, people in their 40s and 50s will respond differently in a survey then people in their 20s and 30s. What is this prediction an example of?Answer: Question: Professors Stefik warns her students to be skeptical of the results of a controversial study because it has not been replicated. By this she what?Answer: The study has not yet been by other researchers in order to verify the original findings. Question: The five developmental characteristics embodied within the life-span perspectives are that development is_________.Answer: 1) ) multi contextual
3) multicultural
4) multidisciplinary
5) plastic
Question: An important insight emerging from the fact that development is multidirectional is that development does not always follow a straight, ___ growth pattern. Answer: Question: One way to express this variability is to note that some characteristics are stable overtime, called _____, and other characteristics are not stable overtime, called_______. Answer: continuity; Question: The science of human development is defined as the study of_____.Answer: how and why people change or the same Question: The research method that involves the use of open-ended questions and obtain answers that are not easily translated into categories is________.Answer: research Question: Nature is to nurture as______.Answer: are to environment Question: Dynamic-systems theory emphasizes the idea(s) that_____.Answer: human development is always changing and that change in one area all the others Question: the ecological-systems approach to developmental psychology focuses on the______Answer: environment of development Question: the science of development focuses on_______Answer: 1) The sources of continuity from the beginning of life to the end.
2) the sources of discontinuity throughout life
3) the character of human development Question: Brain cells that respond to actions performed by another person are called____.Answer: neurons Question: A hypothesis is a __________.Answer: prediction to be Question: A developmentalist who is interested in studying the influences of a 's immediate environment on his or hear behavior is focusing on which system?Answer: Question: Socioeconomic status is determined by a of variables, includingAnswer: , education, and occupation Question: To say that development science is empirical means that it_______Answer: is based on observation, experience, or Question: In an experiment that tests the effects of group size on individual effort in a tug-of-war task, the number of people in each group is the______Answer: independent Question: Which research method would be most for investigating the relationship between parents' religious beliefs and their attitudes toward middle school sex education?Answer: the Question: To establish cause, which type of research study an investigator conduct?Answer: an Question: Developmentalist who carefully observe the behavior of school children during recess are using a research method known as_______Answer: scientific Question: T/F: scientists repeat an experimentAnswer: F; just the opposite. scientist always try to other work Question: T/F: The case study for david demonstrates that for some children only nature (or heredity) is importantAnswer: F; the study of david shows that both nature and are necessary in affecting outcome Question: T/F: Observation usually indicates a relationship between cause and effectAnswer: F; a disadvantage of observation is that the variables are numerous and uncontrolled, and therefore cause and effect relationships are to pin point Question: T/F: each social context development independentlyAnswer: F; each social affects the way a person develops and each is affected by the others contexts Question: T/F: every trait of an can be molded into different forms and shapesAnswer: T Question: T/F: Because of limitations qualitative is rarely used in developmental researchAnswer: F; research often contains information that would be lost if an observation where expressed in numbers Question: T/F: Cohort differences are an of the impact of the social context on developmentAnswer: T Question: T/F: The influences between and within Bronfenbrenner's systems are and independent. Answer: F; the reverse is Question: T/F: of different ethnic groups can all share one cultureAnswer: T Question: T/F: longitudinal research is particularly in studying development over long age span.Answer: T Question: T/F: the concepts of periods and sensitive periods do not apply to human development.Answer: F; These terms apply to all animals humans Question: An individuals personal sphere of development refers to his or her______Answer: , mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem Question: Developmental psychologist explore three domains of :Answer: biological, , social Question: The most principal of the developmental research code of ethics is Answer: never physically or psychologically harm those who are involved in Question: From ages 2 to 10, children ordinarily gain a few a year. This is an example of Answer: in development Question: According to the ecological-systems approach the macrosystem includeAnswer: Cultural Question: an idea that is built more on shared perceptions than on reality isAnswer: social Question: In an experiment, the treatment of interest is given to the_____group; the no-treatment group is the_____group.Answer: ; control Question: A cohort is defined as a group of ....Answer: born a few years of each other Question: in a test of the effects of noise, groups of students a proofreading task in a noisy or a quit room. To what group were students in the noisy room assigned?Answer: Question: in ethnicity and culture, we note that....Answer: people of many ethnic can share one culture, yet maintain their ethnic identities Question: if developmentalists discovered that poor people are happier than people, this would indicate that wealth and happiness areAnswer: Question: the plasticity of development refers to the fact Answer: characteristics can be molded into different forms and shapes Question: in an experiment that tests the effects of level on mood, mood is the Answer: dependent Question: research on mirror has revealed thatAnswer: when experts in dance watch a performance their brains are activated as if they were performing, the of mirror neurons in part explains why children learn so quickly, neutral activity mirrors the intentions and emotions of people around us Question: which of the following statements concerning ethnicity and culture is NOT true?
A. ethnicity is genetically
B. Race is a social construct
C. Racial identity is an element of ethnicity
D.Ethnic identity provides people w/shared values/beliefAnswer: A) ethnic is the product of the social environment and the individual's consciousness Question: Science of Development-Answer: seeks to understand how and why all people change or remain the same over Question: -Answer: means that it is based on observation and Question: replication-Answer: means to repeat a test of a research hypothesis and try to the same results Question: NatureAnswer: refers to genetically inherited Question: Answer: refers to all of the environmental influences that affect Question: periodAnswer: is a time when a developmental growth must occur Question: periodAnswer: a time when a development happens easiest Question: Dynamic-system Answer: views human development as a constant state of flux and as the product of the between systems within the person and the environment Question: life-span Answer: takes into account all phases of life and human as multidirectional, multicultural, multidisciplinary, multi contextual, and plastic Question: Answer: is a group of born within a few years of each other Question: socioeconomic (SES)Answer: is determined by a wealth Question: ethnic Answer: a collection of people ancestors where born in the same region Question: Answer: people who are by themselves or others on the basis of their appearance Question: mirror Answer: neurons that respond to the observed actions of others the same as if the had done the action themselves Question: observationAnswer: a method of testing a hypothesis by observing a behaviors, and recording data Question: Answer: the act of trying to realize cause and effect by manipulating one to observe the effect on another Question: independent Answer: the variable that is to observe the effect on the dependent variable Question: variableAnswer: the variable that may or may not as a result of what happened to it by the independent variable Question: Answer: a method by which info is collected through a questionnaire to a large group of people Question: -sectional researchAnswer: a group of people who in age but share other important traits, and are compared w/ regard to the other variables under investigation Question: researchAnswer: follows a group of individuals are over a long period of time to measure both change and stability Question: cross-sequential Answer: follows a group of individuals that vary in age over a long of time to combine the strengths of of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research Question: Answer: is when two variables are likely to be but does not prove cause and effect Question: quantitative Answer: collects data w/ numbers Question: qualitative Answer: collects non-numerical descriptions of participants i.e. , behaviors Question: code of Answer: a set of moral principals that developmental work from Question: institutional board (IRB)Answer: is a group within an educational or medical institution whose purpose is to ensure that and guidelines are followed Question: Developmental Answer: A systematic statement of principles and generalization, for how and why people as they grow. Question: Psychoanalytic Answer: theory,interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives. Many irrational and unconscious. Question: Answer: Grand ,emphasizes laws and processes how behavior is learned, also called learning theory. Question: Answer: Learning process that occurs though association of two stimuli or positive or negative . Question: Classical Answer: Neutral becomes associated with a meaningful one, so both responded to same way. Also called respondent conditioning. Question: Operate Answer: A response is gradually learned reinforcement or punishment. Also, called instrumental conditioning. Question: Answer: the process in which a particular is followed by something desire which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action Question: social learning Answer: is an extension of behaviorism, and emphasizes that often learn new behaviors through observations and imitation of other people Question: modelingAnswer: to the process by which we observe other people's behavior and then copy it Question: self-efficacyAnswer: is part of the social learning theory and is the belief that one is i.e. "I think I can so I can" Question: cognitive Answer: a grand theory that emphasizes that the way people think and the world shapes their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Question: equilibriumAnswer: in Piaget's theory, this is a state of mental glance, in which a person's thoughts about the world seem not to clash with each other or with his or her Question: Answer: in Piaget's theory this is the process by which new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old Question: accommodationAnswer: in 's theory this is the process in which old ideas are reconstructed to incorporate new experiences Question: information Answer: is a perspective that human thinking processes to the way a computer analyzes data Question: theoryAnswer: seeks to explain development as the result of a dynamic interaction developing persons and the surrounding social and cultural forces Question: apprenticeship in Answer: in vygotsky's view, this is the process by each person develops new competencies by learning from skilled mentors or tutors Question: Zone of proximal Answer: in sociocultural theory, this is the idea that developmental growth when the child adapts a mentor in order to learn new skills, knowledge, and concepts that the child is close to learning but cannot master w/out help Question: HumanismAnswer: is the that stresses the shared basic needs of all people, and the potential of all humans for good Question: adaptationAnswer: is the process by which humans and other species gradually to their environment. Whether a genetic trait increases or decrease over generations depends on whether it contributes to survival and reproductive ability Question: perspectiveAnswer: developmentalists who work from this perspective elements from several theories instead of adhering to only a single perspective Question: sensorimotor Answer: Piagets stages of sensorimotor intelligence (from birth to about two ) are based upon his theory that infants think exclusively w/ their senses and motor skills Question: Primary circular Answer: in Piaget's theory these are a type of feedback loop in intelligence involving the infant's own body, in which infants take in experiences (such as sucking and grasping) and try to make sense of them Question: secondary circular Answer: are a type of loop in sensorimotor intelligence involving the infants response to objects and other people Question: permanenceAnswer: is the understanding that objects (including people) continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, , or heard i.e. peek a boo Question: circular reactionsAnswer: in Piaget's theory these are the most type of infant feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, involving active exploration and experimentation Question: scientist"Answer: is Piaget's term for the stage five toddler (12 to 18 months) who learn about the perspectives of objects in his or her own world through experimentation Question: deferred Answer: is the ability of to perceive and later copy a behavior they noticed hours or days earlier Question: Answer: is the process of getting use to an object or event through exposure to it Question: Answer: (functional magnetic resonance imaging) a measuring technique in which the brains electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the Question: information processing Answer: is a theory that human cognition that compares to the ways in which a computer analyzes data through the process of sensory input, connections, stored memories and out put Question: affordanceAnswer: are perceived opportunities for interacting with people, objects, or places in the environment. infants perceive sucking, grasping, noisemaking, and many affordances of objects at an early age. Question: cliffAnswer: is an experimental apparatus that the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another. Question: perceptionAnswer: a universal principle of perception, is perception that is primed to focus on movement and change Question: people Answer: a universal principle of infant perception, is the attraction that human babies have to other humans Question: sessionAnswer: is any perceptual that helps people recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience Question: implicit Answer: is unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine , and various sensations Question: memoryAnswer: is memory that is easy to retrieve on , usually with words Question: child-directed Answer: is a form of speech used by adults when talking to infants. it is simplified it has a higher pitch, and is ; it is also called baby talk or motherese Question: Answer: which begins between 6 and 9 months of age, is characterized by the extended of certain syllables (such as "ma-ma") Question: Answer: is another of an infants speech in which a single word is used to convey a complete, meaningful thought Question: explosionAnswer: refers to the dramatic increase in the 's vocabulary that begins at about 18 months of age Question: Answer: the grammar of a language includes rules of word order, verb forms, and all methods used to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves Question: Language device (LAD)Answer: according to Chomsky, children possess an innate language acquisition device (LAD), which is a hypothesized mental that enables them to acquire language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation |
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