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3U Chemistry Unit 4
Solutions Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homogeneous | a gas, aqueous or solid mixture with the same or uniform composition |
| heterogeneous | you can see the separate components of the mixture |
| solvent | the substance in a solution present in the greatest amount |
| solute | the smaller portion of a solution that dissolves in a solvent |
| aqueous | Water-based |
| solubility | maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. It is a quantifiable physical property (eg. 2g will dissolve in 100 g) |
| saturated | a solution cannot dissolve any more solute |
| supersaturated | a very unstable solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated one at the same temperature |
| Hydrogen bond (HB) | force of attraction between a partially charged hydrogen dipole and a partially negatively dipole |
| Ion-dipole (ID) | force of attraction between a fully-charged ion and a partially charged dipole |
| Dipole-Dipole (DD) | force of attraction between two partially charged (but opposite) dipoles |
| London Dispersion Forces (LD) | force of attraction between a momentary positive dipole and a momentary negative dipole on any atom or molecule |
| hydration shell | when the polar water molecule surrounds ions or other polar molecules causing them to dissolve |
| Concentration | is the quantity of solute per unit quantity of solvent, expressed as a percent, in parts per million (or billion) or as moles per litre |
| standard solution | a solution with a known concentration |
| dissociation | occurs when ionic compounds break apart into component ions when dissolved in solution |
| Arrhenius Acids | ionize in water to produce one or more hydrogen ions |
| Arrhenius Bases | dissociate in water to produce one or more hydroxide ions |
| Acid-Base Indicators | weak acids that have a characteristic colour at certain pH values |
| strong acids or bases | 100% of the H+ ions (as in acids) or OH- ions (as in bases) dissociate completely in water |
| Concentrated | a solution that contains a great deal of solute |
| Dilute | a solution that contains a small amount of solute |
| Titration | an analytical chemistry technique used to find an unknown concentration of an acid or base solution |
| pH | is a measure of the strength (concentration, in mol/L) of the hydrogen ion. Every 1 increase in pH also means a ten-fold increase in hydroxide ion concentration and a ten-fold decrease in hydrogen ion concentration.. |
| weak acids or bases | less than 2% of the H+ ions (as in acids) or OH- ions (as in bases) dissociate in water |
| equivalence point | the point in a neutralization when the # of moles of acid equals the # of moles of base (according to the balanced equation) |
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jcepella
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