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| Psychology | Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by a person's physical state, mental state, and external environment. |
| Psychobabble | Pseudoscience covered by a veneer of psychological language such as self-help books, fortune-telling and is not real psychology |
| Degrees for practice and training | Psychologists: Ph.D., Psy. D., Ed. D. Psychiatrists: M.D. |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Ask questions, be willing to wonder | ask questions about everything to learn and ask "Why?" |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Define your terms | Words have different meanings to different words. What exactly does "Happy" mean? |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Examine the Evidence | Sometimes evidence does no support common opinion |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Analyze assumptions and biases | people's assumptions and biases are sometimes |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines avoid emotional reasoning | "If I feel this way, it must be true" Emotion gets in the way of what is true |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Don't over simplify | one experience leads to an opinion as a whole |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Consider other interpretations | alternative explanations of a phenomenon can occur |
| Eight critical thinking guidelines Tolerate Uncertainty | Sometimes there is no answer |
| Empirical Evidence | Laboratory experiments, careful measurements, and scientific observations |
| What psychologists do | Teach and conduct research in colleges and universities. They provide health or mental health services, conduct research in nonacademic settings, or for a combination. |
| Where psychologists work | Hospitals, schools, testing, private practice, clinics, counseling centers |
| Basic and applied psychological research Basic | seeks knowledge for its own sake ex. research |
| Basic and applied psychological research Applied | uses research for practical applications |
| Non clinical specialties in psychology Experimental | conduct studies of motivation, emotion, sensation, perception, and learning |
| Non clinical specialties in psychology Educational | look for ways to improve educational systems |
| Non clinical specialties in psychology Developmental | study how people change and grow over time |
| Non clinical specialties in psychology Psychometric | design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personalities |
| Non clinical specialties in psychology Industrial/organizational | study behavior in the workplace |
| Psychological practitioners Clinical | diagnose, treat, study mental or emotional problems |
| Psychological practitioners Counseling | deals with problems of everyday life |
| Psychological practitioners School | resolve emotional difficulties or try to enhance student performance |
| Psychiatry vs. Psychology | M.D.s, can prescribe medicine, diagnose diseases, and problems and may not have current training in psychological theories and methods. |
| Other licensed counselors | Social workers, school counselors, marriage, family and child counselors treat general problems in adjustment, and licensing requirements may vary but usually include a masters degree in social work or psychology |
| Concerns about psychotherapists | Psychotherapy is unrelated to formal education and is not legally regulated. Some do not have formal training. |
| What psychology can and can't do for you: Can | Make you more informed, satisfy curiosity about human nature, help you increase control over your life, help you on the job, give you insight into many issues |
| What psychology can and can't do for you: Can't | Tell you the meaning of life, relieve you of responsibility for your actions, provide simple answers to complex problems |
| Early history | Psychology wasn't a formal discipline until the 19th century. Today's psychologists describe, predict, and understand and modify behavior. |
| Phrenology | Different brain areas account for character and are read by bumps on the skull |
| Father of Psychology and Modern Psychology | Welhelm Wundt set up the first psychological lab and used trained introspection |
| Structuralism and EB Titchener | Student of Wundt who emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness. He analyzed sensation, images, and feelings into basic elements. Asks "What happens when an organism does something?" |
| Functionalism and William James | Emphasizes the function and purpose of behavior as opposed to its description. Why behavior occurs and consequences. Stream of consciousness. Asks "How and why an organism does something" |
| Psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud | Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy which emphasizes unconscious motive and conflict. Distress was from early childhood such as forbidden sexual feeling for a parent. Freudian slips are calling a wife "mom" accidentally. Art and literature. |
| Two influential movements: humanistic and feminist psychology: Humanistic | emphasises personal growth and achievement of human potential |
| Two influential movements: humanistic and feminist psychology: Feminist | analyses the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes. |
| Five major psychological perspectives Biological | how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts |
| Five major psychological perspectives Learning | concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person's (or animal's) actions. |
| Five major psychological perspectives Cognitive | emphasises what goes on in people's heads |
| Five major psychological perspectives sociocultural | focuses on social and cultural forces |
| Five major psychological perspectives psychodynamic | deals with unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or instinctual energy |
