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| agoraphobia | an excessive fear of open or public places |
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| Antabuse | the trade name for disulfiram, a drug used in the treatment of alcoholism |
| antipsychotic drugs | drugs that relieve schizophrenia |
| atypical antidepressants | drugs taht relieve depression for some ptients who do not respond to other antidepressants, generally with only mild side effects |
| atypical antipsychotic drugs | drugs such as clozapine and risperidone, which relieve schizophrenia without causing tardive dyskinesia |
| bipolar disorder | a condition in which a perosn alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania |
| bipolar I disorder | a disorder condition characterized by at least one episode of mania |
| bipolar II disorder | a disorder condition characcerized by episodes of major depression and hypomania, which is a milder degree of mania |
| catatonic schizophrenia | a type of schizophrenia characterized by the basic symptoms plus prominent movement disorders |
| compulsion | a repetitive, almost irresistible action |
| delusion | an unfounded belief that is strongly held despite evidence against it |
| delusion of grandeur | the belief that one is unusually important |
| delusion of persecution | the belief taht one is being persecuted |
| delusion of reference | the tendency to interpret all sorts of messages as if they were meant for oneself |
| dependence (or addiction) | a self-destructive havit that someone finds difficult or impossible to quit |
| disorganized schizophrenia | a type of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent speech, extreme lack of social relationships, and "silly" or odd behavior |
| dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | the theory that hte underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimulation of certain types of dopamine synapses |
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a treatment using a brief elecrtical shock tat is administered across the patient's head to inuce a convulsion similar to epilepsy, sometimes used as a treatment for certain types of depression |
| explanatory style | a tendency to accept one kind of explanation for success or failure more often than others |
| expressed emotion | hostile or critical comments directed toward a person with a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia |
| flooding (or implosion or intensive exposure therapy) | a treatment for phobia in which the person is suddenly exposed to the object of the phobia |
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | a disorder in which people are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries |
| glutamate hpothesis of schizophrenia | the view that the underlying problem causing schizophrenia is deficient stimulation of certain glutamate |
| hallucinations | a perception not corresponding to reality, such as seeing or hering something that is not present or failing to see or her something that is present |
| harm reduction | an approach to drug abuse thatconcentrates on decreasing the frequency of drug use and minimizing the harmful consequences to health and well-being |
| hyperventilation | rapid deep breathing |
| interpersonal therapy | a treatmetn tha focuses on coping with difficutlties someone has faced in the present or recent past, such as death of a loved one, a bad marriage, changes in life status, and lack of social skills |
| major depression | a condition lasting most of the day, day after day, with a loss of interest and pleasure and a lack of productive activity |
| mania | a condition in which people are constantly active, uninhibited, adn either excited or irritable |
| methadone | a drug commonly offered as a less dangerous substitute for opiates |
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) | drugs that block the metabolic breakdown of released dopamine, norepinephrie,a dn serotonin, thus prolonging the effects of these neurotransmitters on the receptors of the postsynaptic cell |
| negative symptoms | symptoms that are present in other people-such as the ability to take care of themselves-but absent in people with schizophrenia |
| neurodevelopmental hypothesis | the idea that schizophrenia originates with impaired development of hte nervous system before or around the time of birth, pissibly but not necessarily for genetic reasons |
| obsession | a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | a condition with repetitive thoughts and actions |
| panic disorder (PD) | a disorder characterized by frequent bouts of moderate anxiety adn occasional attacks of sudden increased heart rate, chest pains, difficulty breathing, sweating, faintness, and trembling |
| paranoid schizophrenia | a type of schizophrenia characterized by the basic symptoms plus strong or elaborate hallucinations and delusions |
| phobia | a strong, persistent fear of a scpecific object, extreme enough to interfere with normal living |
| positive symptoms | characteristics present in people with schizophrenia and absent in others-such as hallucinations, delusions, abnormal movements, and thought disorder |
| residual schizophrenia | a condition in which someone has had an episode of schizophreniaan dis now partly, but not fully recovered |
| schizophrenia | a condition marked by deterioration of daily activities over a period of at least 6 months, plus hallucinations, delusions, flat or inappropriate emtions, certain movement disorders, or thought disorders |
| season-of-birth effect | the tendency for people born in the winter months to be slightly more likely than other people are to develop schizophrenia |
| seasonal affective disorder (SD) (or depression with a seasonal pattern) | a condition in which people become seriously depressed in one season of the year, such as winter |
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | drugs taht block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin by the terminal bouton |
| social phobia | a severe avoidance of other people and an especially strong fear of doing anything in public |
| St. John's wort | an herb with antidepressant effects |
| systematic desensitization | a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear |
| tardive dyskinesia | a disorder characterized by tremors and involuntary movements |
| tricyclic drugs | drugs that block the reabsorption of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephringe, and serotonin, after they are released by teh terminal bouton, thus prolonging the effect fo these neurotransmitters on the receptors of the postsynaptic cell |
| Type I (or Type A) alcoholism | alcoholism that is generally less sever, equally common in men and women, less dependent on genetics, andn likely to develop gradually, presumably in response to the difficulties in life |
| Type II (or Type B) alcoholism | alcoholism taht is generally more severe, more common in men, more often associated with aggressive or antisocial behavior, more dependent on genteics, and likely to begin early in life |
| undifferentiated schizophrenia | a typ eof schizophrenia characterized by the basic symptoms but no unusual or especially prominent symptoms |
