A&P 2 - E2 - P3 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Three external threats to life are ____________. | bacteria, protozoans, viruses |
Three internal threats to life are __________. | tumors, cancer, abnormal cells |
What are the two types of immune mechanisms? | nonspecific and specific immunity |
Nonspecific immunities act against anything recognized as _________. | not self |
Nonspecific immunities have a __________ response. | fast |
What are the four cell types within the nonspecific immunity system? | neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (nk) cells |
Specific immunities recognize specific __________. | agents |
Specific immunities require extra __________ for recognition and reaction. | time |
What are the two cell types within the specific immunity system? | T cell lymphocytes, B cell lymphocytes |
Nonspecific immunity, species resistance is provided by _________ characteristics. | genetic |
The internal environment of the body is __________ for certain pathogens. | not suitable |
Mechanical and chemical barriers act as the __________ line of defense. | first |
Unbroken _______ and ________ act as a mechanical barrier. | skin, mucus membranes |
Four types of chemical barriers are _____________. | sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid |
________ is a type of chemical barrier that contains pathogen inhibitors. | sebum |
________ is a type of chemical barrier that is difficult for pathogens to penetrate. | mucus |
________ are a type of chemical barrier that may hydrolyze pathogens. | enzymes |
________ is a type of chemical barrier that may destroy pathogens by inflicting acid burns. | hydrochloric acid |
Inflammation acts as the ________ line of defense. | second |
In the inflammatory response, chemical mediators are released from __________ cells. | mast |
In the inflammatory response, what three chemical mediators are released from mast cells? | histamines, kinins, and prostaglandins |
Histamines increase capillary ____________ and ____________. | permeability, vasodilation |
Kinins increase capillary ____________ and ____________. | permeability, vasodilation |
Both ___________ and ___________ increase capillary permeability and vasodilation. | histamines, kinins |
__________ act as chemotaxins. | kinins |
Kinins act as ____________. | chemotaxins |
___________ stimulate complement system. | kinins |
___________ cause fever and enhance pain. | prostaglandins |
What are the four signs of inflammation? | heat, redness, pain, swelling |
Phagocytes extend ____________ and encircle bacteria. | pseudopods |
What is the sac inside a phagocyte which engulfs bacteria? | phagosome |
Within a phagocyte, the fusing of a ___________ with a ____________ results in the digestion of bacteria. | lysosome, phagosome |
_________ are the most numerous phagocytes. | neutrophils |
Neutrophils are moved out of blood vessels by ____________. | diapedesis |
___________ are the first phagocytes to arrive. | neutrophils |
Neutrophils have a __________ life span. | short |
__________ is formed by dead neutrophils. | pus |
___________ are monocytes that have migrated out of the blood. | macrophages |
Macrophages are present in _________ areas of the body. | many |
__________ are a type of lymphocyte in addition to B cells and T cells. | natural killer (nk) cells |
Natural killer (nk) cells are especially important in killing _________ cells and ___________ cells. | tumor, virus infected |
Natural killer (nk) cells function by causing ___________. | cell lysis |
____________ is produced by virus-infected cells and inhibits virus reproduction. | interferon |
A ___________ is a group of plasma proteins that is inactive until stimulated. | complement |
A complement is a group of _____________ that is inactive until stimulated. | plasma proteins |
_____________ work together to destroy bacteria and some viruses. | complements |
Specific immunities act as the _______ line of defense. | third |
What are the first through third lines of defense? | mechanical and chemical barriers, inflammation, specific immunity |
___________ attacks specific, non-self agents. | specific immunity |
Specific immunity is orchestrated by what two different lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes |
B lymphocytes (B cells) produce ___________ and thus ___________ immunity. | antibodies, antibody mediated |
__________ attack pathogens directly. | antibodies |
__________ direct phagocytes to attack. | antibodies |
Antibodies direct __________ to attack. | phagocytes |
__________ provide cell mediated immunity. | T lymphocytes |
T lymphocytes attack ___________ directly. | pathogens |
Some surface markers on body cells are unique to ___________. | lymphocytes |
What is the system for naming cell surface markers? | CD system |
The CD system / cell surface marker refers to a single, defined surface marker ___________. | protein |
The CD system / cell surface marker can identify specific __________. | T cells |
Most lymphocytes are located in what four areas? | bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen |
What is the cycle of lymphocyte movement? | structures -> blood, tissue spaces, lymph -> blood, tissue spaces |
________ are large molecules that induce immune response. | antigens |
Antigenic determinants are also known as ___________. | epitopes |
____________ are the parts of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign. | antigenic determinants (epitopes) |
___________ are large protein molecules that interlock with and destroy antigens. | antibodies |
___________ are antigen receptor sites on antibodies that have specific shapes. | combining sites |
What is the term for an antibody antigen receptor attached to the antigenic determinant? | antigen-antibody complex |
What is a group (family) of cells from one original? | clone |
What is a group of plasma proteins that work together to destroy foreign cells? | complement |
There are ___ stages of development and activation of B cells. | 2 |
The first stage of development of B cells occurs in what three locations? | yolk sac, red marrow, and fetal liver |
Inactive B cells are developed by the time an infant is ___________ old. | several months |
Inactive B cells produce _________ and insert them on the cell surface. | antibodies |
___________ produce antibodies and insert them on the cell surface. | inactive B cells |
Surface antibody combining sites become ___________. | antigen receptors |
Inactive B cells circulate to the _________ and _________. | lymph nodes, spleen |
Activation of B cells involves inactive B cells and a specific antigen forming ____________ of the B cell plasma membrane. | antigen-antibody complex |
During the activation stage of B cells, rapid B cell division is triggered, forming __________ of cells. | clones |
During the activation stage of B cells, some new cells become __________ and secrete _________ molecules | plasma cells, antibodies |
During the activation stage of B cells, other new cells become __________ cells. | memory B |
__________ cells become plasma cells if exposed to the same antigen at a later time. | memory B |
Antibodies are also known as _______. | immunoglobins |
Each antibody is made up of two _________ chains and two _________ chains. | heavy, light |
Antibodies form a ____ shape. | Y |
The two variable regions of an antibody formed by the two branches of the Y are __________. | antigen binding sites |
The constant region of an antibody formed by the base of the Y is __________. | complement binding site |
___________ is a code for a specific antibody produced by combinations of genes. | somatic recombination hypothesis |
__________ mutations may give additional variations in antibodies. | gene |
Most __________ are eliminated, otherwise we would all have auto immune disease. | "anti-self" B cells |
What are the five classes of antibodies? | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
What class of antibodies makes up 75% of circulating antibodies? | IgG |
What class of antibodies is produced by secondary antibody response? | IgG |
What class of antibodies is produced in mucous membranes, saliva, and tears? | IgA |
What class of antibodies is produced by immature B cells? | IgM |
What class of antibodies is produced by activated B cells after contacting antigen? | IgM |
What class of antibodies is associated with allergies? | IgE |
What class of antibodies acts as an antigen receptor? | IgD |
What is an antigen-antibody reaction that deactivates toxins? | neutralization |
What is an antigen-antibody reaction that sticks to antigen cells and holds them together? | agglutination |
Another antigen-antibody reaction includes changing the shape of an antigen molecule on the surface of a cell to expose the _____________. | complement-binding site |
The ___________ function of an antibody is a series of 20 plasma enzymes. | complement |
The series of 20 plasma enzymes of an antibody become activated when they contact the antigen's _____________ | complement-binding site |
An antibody becoming activated when it contacts an antigen's complement-binding site results in a series of ____________. | complement activations |
The complement function of antibodies results in the _________ in the antigen bearing cell. | cytolysis |
One complement function of antibodies is to provide an ___________, that is, activation without stimulation by antigens. | alternate pathway |
What are the three groups of functions of antibodies? | antigen-antibody reactions, complement, clonal selectional theory |
___________ states that by selecting the lymphocytes with the ______________, each antigen provokes it's own destruction. | clonal selection theory, complementary receptors |
________ are lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the thymus. | T cells |
T cells are lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the ________. | thymus |
T cells leave the thymus and migrate to T-dependent zones in the _________ and _________. | lymph nodes, spleen |
___________ of T cells occur when an antigen binds to T cell antigen receptors. | activation |
During activation of a T cell, a ____________ processes the antigen. | macrophage |
During macrophage processing of an antigen, the macrophage presents the processed antigen to ___________ on the T cell. | antigen receptors |
Activating a T cell is also known as __________ a T cell. | sensitizing |
Activating a T cell causes the T cell to divide repeatedly, forming a _________ of identical sensitized T cells. | clone |
Cloned T cells can form either __________ or ___________. | cytotoxic T cells, T memory cells |
Sensitized T cells migrate to the site of the __________. | antigen |
Sensitized T cells bind to processed _________ presented by __________. | antigens, macrophages |
Antigen-bound sensitized T cells release chemical messengers called __________ into inflamed tissue. | cytokines or lymphokines |
Cytokines are also known as __________. | lymphokines |
__________ factors attract macrophages. | chemotactic |
__________ factors halt macrophage migration. | migration inhibition |
__________ factor increases phagocytosis. | macrophage-activating |
__________ (including perforin) kills cells. | lymphotoxin |
Cytotoxic T cells are also known as __________. | killer T cells |
Cytotoxic T cells release __________. | lymphotoxin |
___________ help B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. | helper T cells |
Helper T cells help B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells by secreting ____________ and ________. | interleukin-2, interleukin-4 |
___________ T cells suppress B cell differentiation into plasma cells. | suppressor |
A type of specific immunity, inherited immunity is __________. | genetic |
_________ immunity is developed after birth. | acquired |
_________ immunity results from natural exposure to antigens. | natural |
__________ immunity is acquired through exposure to disease. | natural active |
__________ immunity is acquired from antibodies from mothers' milk. | natural passive |
__________ immunity is acquired through injections or oral ingestion of antigen. | artificial active |
__________ immunity is acquired through injection of antibodies. | artificial passive |
The immune system is located throughout the _________. | body |
The immune system includes many different types of cells and their ___________. | secretions |
The immune system is __________ with most body systems. | interdependent |
What disorder of the immune system is a result of hypersensitivity? | allergies |
What disorder of the immune system is an example of an autoimmunity disorder? | systemic lupus erythematosus |
What two conditions of the immune system are examples of isoimmunity conditions? | pregnancy, tissue transplants |
What are the two types of immune deficiencies? | congenital, acquired (AIDS) |
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