jamiebiologyunit2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
A group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together on the same chromosome | haplotype |
This describes an allele combination whose heterozygote’s phenotype is an intermediate between those of the two homozygotes (for example, pink flowers). The dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele | incomplete dominance |
The gene A exhibits incomplete dominance. What can we expect about the offspring from the mating of two heterozygotes | phenotypic ratios that match the genotypic ratios |
In a heterozygote for two linked genes, when both dominant alleles are on one chromosome and both recessive alleles are on the other, the genes are in | cis |
What is NOT a feature of mitochondrial DNA | one copy per mitochondrion |
In familial hypercholesterolemia, homozygous for this allele lack receptors on liver cells that absorb cholesterol, heterozygotes have ½ the # of receptors and homozygous for the normal allele are phenotypically normal this is an example of | incomplete dominance |
An environmentally caused trait that appears to be inherited is called | a phenocopy |
The presence of two different alleles in mitochondria within the same cell is called | heteroplasmy |
Hairlessness in dogs is a dominant trait. One dominant allele results in hairless, 2 dominant alleles is lethal. If you cross 2 hairless dogs what is probability that a hairless will be born | 1/3 |
You are studying a degenerative condition that appears to be passed on only by mother. Affected fathers don’t pass the trait to offspring. This suggests the trait might be | mitochondrial |
If the percent recombination between A and B is 12, between A and C is 4 and between B and C is 8, then the order of the genes on the chromosome is | A-C-B |
Alleles that are both expressed in a heterozygote are | codominant |
Given the gene sequence ABCDE, crossing over should occur least frequently between | A-E |
A man who is homozygous for A blood has a child with a woman who is homozygous for B blood. What is the probability that the child will have AB blood | 100% |
Hairless trait (H) in dogs is dominant to hairy (h) and lethal when homozygous. How would you create a pure breeding line of hairless dogs | it cannot be done |
Hairless trait (H) in dogs is dominant to hairy (h) and lethal when homozygous. Hairless, hairy and lethal represent | phenotypes |
A man with a recessive deafness allele on chromosome 17 marries a woman who also has a recessive deafness allele, but on chromosome 3. Based on this the probability that their children will be deaf is closest to | 0% |
A gene may have many alleles, but a person has only two alleles because | a gene can be altered in many ways, but a person only has two copies of any gene |
The Bombay phenotype is a result if how many interacting genes and is an example of | 2, epistasis |
Some people with polydactyly have more than 5 fingers, while others do not. This is an example of a phenotype that is- | incompletely penetrant |
The alleles that control which blood group antigens appear on the surfaces of red blood cells are | codominant |
In humans the dominance relationship between the A and B alleles of the ABO blood group gene is an example of | codominance |
The relationship of the I & H genes affects the expression of ABO blood in following ways-genotype of HH or Hh, AB produces blood type AB while genotype hh, AB produces type 0 this is an example of | epistasis |
Two albino individuals marry and start a family. Their first child has normal pigmentation. Does this indicate infidelity and why or why not | no because each parent could have a different gene causing his or her albinism (genetic heterogeneity) |
Two Mexican hairless dogs are crossed what ratio of hairy : hairless dogs is expected from offspring | 2 hairless:1 hairy |
A woman with type A blood has a child with type A blood. What blood types could the father possible have | A, B, or AB |
Some people with polydactyl do not have any extra digits, some have an extra toe, and others have an extra finger. This situation is an example of a trait that is | both incompletely penetrant and variably expressive |
Marfan Syndrome, a dominant single-gene defect is characterized by lens dislocation, long limbs, spindly fingers,a caved in chest & weakened aeorta. This is an example of what trait | pleitropic |
When a teratogen causes a birth defect that is similar to a genetic disorder this is referred to as | a phenocopy |
A geneticist crosses a plant with red flowers to a plant with white flowers. The offspring has ¼ red, ½ pink and ¼ white flowers, which allele is dominant | neither, they are incompletely dominant |
Which blood type is not possible between two parents with type A blood | B |
The term that is used to describe the severity or extent of a phenotype in an individual is | expressivity |
Which of the following diseases is an example of a pleiotropic condition | porphyria variegate |
If you examine a pedigree showing the transmission pattern of a mitochondrial gene mutation which would not be true-mothers pass the gene to offspring, fathers do not transmit the gene or only females will express the trait | only females will express the trait |
Who only transfers mitochondrial genes, male or female | female |
Many mitochondrial disorders involve mitochondria in a cell harboring different alleles and is called | heteroplasmic |
Diseases resulting from mutations in mitochondrial genes affect | mitochondrial protein synthesis and cellular energy reactions |
The first genetic linkage map was constructed in what organism | fruit flies |
Progeny that exibit a mixing of maternal and paternal alleles on a single chromosome are | recombinants |
The field that matches phenotypes to chromosomal variants is called | cytogenetics |
What describes how several allele variants for a particular gene can exist in a given population. For example hair colors of black, red, brown, blond etc | multiple alleles |
What allele combinations cause offspring to die early in development | lethal |
An allele combination in which the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and not intermediate between those of the two homozygotes (ie AB blood) both alleles are expressed is called | codominance |
The stronger allele which is expressed of only on one chromosome | dominant |
An allele which must be present on both chromosomes to be expressed | recessive |
visible expression of the alleles | phenotype |
taking nucleus of a healthy adult cell and putting it into an egg of another cell | somatic cell nuclear transfer |
defect in which cell organelle would most likely cause fatigue | mitochondria |
another name for sex cells | gametes |
another term for reproductive organs | gonads |
chemicals or other agents that cause birth defects are called | tetratogens |
long tube in the male reproductive structure which joins to the urethra | vas deferens |
The second generation resulting from a typical genetic cross is | F1 |
In a family that starts with you and your spouse, your grandchildren would be considered the | F2 |
monohybrid cross | BbxBb |
An autosomal dominant trait | can affect either sex |
the phenotypic ratio expected from a dihybrid cross is | 9:3:3:1 |
a man and his wife are both carriers of the recessive allele causing tay-sachs disease. If they have a normal child, what is the probability that the child is a carrier not a sufferer of Tay sachs | 2/3 |
in a human pedigree that traces the inheritance of sickle cell disease, a half- filled circle represents | heterozygous female |
No matter how many children carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder have, the chances that their child will get the disorder is | 1/4 |
Some combinations of alleles cause problems so severe that the fetus ceases to develop. Such lethal allele combinations appear to alter Mendelian ratios because | homozygotes do not appear as progeny class |
Allele T (Long tongue) exhibits incomplete dominance over the recessive allele t (short) tongue. A herterozygote for the tongue gene would have | a tongue of intermediate length |
Different alleles that are both expressed in a heterozygote are | codominant |
x-linked genes have different patterns of expression in females and males because | there is no second copy of these genes |
Linkage maps of the Y chromosome have been difficult to construct because | the Y chromosome has no homolog with which to cross over |
If a woman has a brother who is color blind she has a ___ chance of being a carrier | 50% |
A gene that determines the heaviness of a man's beard is | sex linked |
An allele that is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other is | sex influenced |
A gene on the Y crhomosome that determines maleness is called | SRY |
Disorders that are seen in men who have grandsons through their daughters who also express the disorder (the grandson) have an | X linked recessive disorder |
Prader-willi and Angelman syndromes are related to one another as a result of | genomic imprint |
what do 13 of the 37 mitochondrial genes code for? | proteins that function in cellular respiration |
affects a structure or function of the body that is present in only males or only females | sex limited trait |
an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other | sex influenced |
genetic disease showing a mendelian pattern of inheritance, caused by a single mutation in the structure of DNA, which causes a single basic defect with pathologic consequences | mendelian disorder |
Which risk factor for coronary artery disease is uncontrollable | family history |
Leptin is secreted by ___cells to influence the action of___ | adipose, hypothalamus |
The empiric risk to a family member of an affected individual developing a disorder caused by a multifactorial trait | increases with increasing relatedness to affected individuals |
Populations that suddenly become sedentary and switch to a fatty diet reflect what type of influence on body weight | environmental |
Traits that have both inherited and environmental causes are termed | multifactorial |
A brother and sister share what percent of their genes | 50% |
Human height is an example of what trait | polygenic |
Assume that 3 pairs of alleles with no environmental modification control height. Each dominant allele is 4” to base of 4’ what are the ranges of height | 4-6 feet |
These twins originate as a single fertilized ovum; identical twins | monzygotic |
What trait is determined by more than one gene and varies continuously in expression | polygenic traits |
Polygenic traits are | determined by more than one gene |
Which of the following would most support the hypothesis that autism has an inherited component | identical twins each have the condition |
Multifactorial traits reflect | both environmental and genetic influences |
What seeks correlations between SNP patterns and phenotypes in large groups of individuals | association studies |
What is a controllable factor in assessing risk factors for cardiovascular disease | stress |
What is not an example of a multifactorial trait | cystic fibrosis |
Can a child have darker skin than either of his or her parents | Yes |
Which genotype would result in an individual with medium-colored skin | AABBCC |
Which of the following polygenic characteristics is probably a pure polygenic trait-one with no environmental input | eye color |
Heritability is a measurement that estimates the proportion of | phenotypic variation in a certain population that is due to genetic differences within the population |
Siblings and fraternal twins share __% of their genes | 50% |
Identical twins share __% of their genes | 100% |
In humans obesity has a heritability of | 75% |
A more informative was to assess the genetic component of a multifactorial trait is to study __who were separated at birth and raised in different environments | monozygotic (MZ) twins |
Geneticists calculate the __ of a trait, or the degree to which it is inherited, as the % of pairs in which both twins express the trait | concordance |
A trait more often present in both members of MZ twin pairs than in both DZ twin pairs has a large | inherited component |
The risk of recurrence of a trait based on its known incidence in a particular population refers to | the empiric risk |
The concordance between identical twins for body weight was calculated to be 0.42, what is the heredability of body weight | 0.42 |
The concordance between fraternal twins for body weight was calculated to be 0.42, what is the heredability of body weight | 0 |
A coefficient of relatedness of 100% indicates | monozygotic twins |
Characteristics shared by adopted children and their biological parents are mostly __ while their similarities with adoptive parents reflect __influences | genetic, environmental |
If a woman of 4’ height marries a man of 5’ height what is the maximum achievable height for a child they would produce | 5 feet |
In general, empiric risk for an individual increase with | the severity of the disorder, the # of affected family members and how closely related the person is to affected individuals |
A higher heritability would be found for a trait in a population that is | in a uniform environment |
Given that eye color is controlled by 2 pairs of genes, what are the genotypes of the lightest-eyed parents who could produce a child with medium brown eyes | AaBb x Aabb |
What makes use of SNP mapping, relates sequence patterns to the probability of developing a particular disorder and are more powerful than heritability studies | genome-wide association studies |
Genetic variance for a multifactorial polygenic trait is usually due to the additive effects of many __alleles of different genes | recessive |
Genome-side association studies seek correlations between | SNP patterns and phenotypes in large groups of individuals |
A gene encoding protein called __is involved in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease | lipoprotein lipase |
Which protein affects body weight | leptin |
Studies of Pima Indians have helped identify environmental influences for what disease | obesity |
Ghrelin is produced by what organ | stomach |
Leptin is secreted by __ cells to influence the action of the___ | fat, hypothalamus |
Genes that control lipid metabolism, blood clotting, blood pressure and cell adhesion contribute to | cardiovascular health |
The alleles that control which blood group antigens appear on the surface of red blood cells are | codominant |
A man who is homozygous for B blood has a child with a woman homozygous for O blood what is the probability that the child will have B blood | 100% |
Progeny that exhibit a mixing of maternal and paternal alleles on a single chromosome are | recombinants |
The mode of transmission of a mitochondrial trait is unusual in that it passes from | mothers to all children |
Which of the following blood types is not possible from two parents with type A blood | B blood |
A plant with red flowers is crossed with a white flower plant, the offspring has ¼ red, ½ pink and ¼ white which allele is dominant | neither they are incompletely dominant |
What is not true about X inactivation | all cells in an adult female have the same X chromosome inactivated |
If the __gene on the __chromosome is activated, hormones steer the human development along a male route | SRY, Y |
Calico cats have large patches of coat color, what can we conclude about the timing of X-inactivation | it occurred early |
Icthyosis is an X-linked recessive condition, which of the following is most likely true about a woman with this condition | her mother was a carries and her father was affected |
Linkage maps of the Y chromosome have been difficult to construct because | the Y chromosome has no homolog with which to cross over |
Unspecialized structures in embryos that develop into female sex organs are the | mullerian ducts |
Males are __for X-linked traits | hemizygous |
X-linked dominant mutant alleles are usually expressed | more severely in males |
A woman whose brother has hemophilia is worried about passing it on, what is the risk her son will have | 1/4 |
In humans a male inherits | one X from his mother and his fathers Y |
What correctly represents a female homozygous recessive for an X-linked trait | XbXb |
What kind of trait affects body parts or functions present in only one gender | a sex limited trait |
An allele that is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other is | sex influenced |
In an XY embryo production of anti-mullerian hormaon inhibits development of what female structures | uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina |
A woman carrier of cystic fibrosis gene and her homozygous normal husband have a child w/cystic fibrosis why | it is X-linked |
Human males are | hemizygous |
A man has colorblindness and icthyosis, what is the chance that he will pass both conditions on to his sons | 0% |
The majority of calico cats are female, however a few rare males are observed what is the genotype of a male calico cat | XbXbY |
In genomic imprinting the expression of a genetic disorder depends on | which parent transmits the disease causing allele |
A human male inherits X-linked traits from | his mother only |
Once the SRY begins to function__cells begin to secrete anti mullerian hormone and__cells secrete testosterone | sustentacular, interstitial |
Which of the following disorders is not X-linked | cystic fibrosis |
Males and females are genetically equivalent because | an X chromosome is inactivated in female cells |
A woman whose husband worked at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor gives birth to a hemophiliac son should she blame the plant | no because she might carry the hemophilia allele |
If a woman has a brother who is color blind has what chance of being a carrier | 50% |
Can a male be a carrier for a sex-linked disease | no males have only a single copy of sex linked genes |
Individuals with 3 copies of most autosomes do not survive, individuals with an extra X chromosome survive with mild consequences, why | the extra X chromosome is inactivated |
An affected male and normal female have 4 kids, 2 affected girls and 2 normal sons. The girls with normal husbands have affected sons and daughters. The sons with normal wives had normal kids. What is mode of inheritance | x-linked dominant |
Consider a sex-linked recessive trait what crosses would produce males and females with different phenoytypes | affected female and normal male |
Pseudohermaphroditism caused by 5-alpha reductase deficiency leads to a | female exterior, male interior & male genotype |
In males genes on the X chromosome are | expressed |
What is the function of SRY | transcription factor gene that stimulates male development |
A gene that determines the heaviness of a mans beard is | sex-limited |
A female whose father was colorblind marries a normal male whose father was colorblind, chances their son will be colorblind is | 50% |
In humans if the SRY gene is not expressed the unspecialized gonads develop into | ovaries |
X-inactivation can account for individuals who | are manifesting heterozygotes and show a mosaic pattern of expression |
Y-linked inheritance traits | are not transmitted from mother to son |
Traits transferred from father to son, do not affect females and if involve infertility are not transmitted are | Y-linked traits |
Linkage maps of the Y chromosome have been difficult to construct because | the Y chromosome has no homolog with which to cross over |
The probability that the daughter of a woman w/dominant disease causing allele on X chromosome & normal male will be affected with disorder is | 1/2 |
A gene on the Y chromosome that determines maleness is called | SRY |
A female whose father was colorblind marries a normal male whose father was colorblind what % will daughter be colorblind | 0% |
In humans males are__since they have two different sex chromosomes | heterogametic |
In genomic imprinting the expression of a genetic disorder depends on | which parent transmits the disease causing allele |
X-linked genes have different patterns of expressions in females and males because | there is only one copy of these genes in males |
PAR1 and PAR2 on both tips of the Y chromosome are | pseudoautosomal regions |
What would be the sex of an XXY individual | male |
Evidence suggests that homosexuality is | partially inherited |
The probability that a male inherited his Y chromosome from his maternal grandfather is | 0% |
What genetic condition is not sex linked | sickle-cell anemia |
Ichthysois and colorblindness are | sex-linked conditions |
Pattern baldness is a | sex-influenced trait |
Beard growth and pregnancy in humans are examples of | sex-limited traits |
Prader-Willi and Angleman syndrome are both deletions of same bands on long arn chromosome 15, but physical expression is different, it’s an example of | genomic imprinting |
What represents a male who inherits an X-linked dominant trait | XBY |
A human female inherits X-linked traits from | both mother and father |
Which item correctly represents a female who is homozygous recessive for an X-linked trait | XbXb |
The probability that a boy whose mother is heterozygous for a sex-linked trait inherits the recessive allele is | 1/2 |
Which item correctly represents a male who inherits an X-linked dominant trait | XBY |
A man and a woman have son with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, an X-linked trait, what chance will daughter inherit it | 0% |
Which of the following is incorrect for an X-linked recessive trait | affected female has an affected father and an affected or heterozygous mother |
In humans females are the ___ sex | Homogametic |
A male with a missing SRY gene would be phenotypically | Female |
When Mendel crossed pure breeding peas having yellow seed color YY with pure breeding peas having green seed color yy all of the offspring had yellow seed color. YY and yy symbols represent | genotype |
In pea plants tall is dominant to short which of the following would be the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant | Tt |
A person who has two identical alleles for a particular gene is __for that gene | homozygous |
Mendels laws derive from | meiosis |
Two genes on the same chromosome can appear to assort independently if | they are located far apart from each other |
Distal symphalangism is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait In a pedigree you would expect this trait to | occur once in every generation |
Mendel followed the inheritance of traits through several generations in | pea plants |
Mendels laws are explained by | chromosome behavior in meiosis |
Alleles are | alternate forms of a single gene |
Medlels law of __states that for 2 genes on different chromosomes the inheritance of one does not influence the chance of inheritance for the other | independent assortment |
The occurance of affected individuals in every generation in a family suggests | an autosomal dominant |
In a human pedigree that traces the inheritance of sickle cell disease a half filled circle represents a | heterozygous female |
The probability that a child in a particular family will inherit a recessive disorder is ¼, if they have 4 children what is probability that 3rd child will inherit the disorder | 1/4 |
Sickle cell anemia is a recessive trait. A woman with this disease has a child with a homogygous normal man (no family history of disease) what is probability they will have a normal homozygous normal child | 0% |
Which of the following phenotypic results is expected from a cross between two heterozygous dihybrids | 9:3:3:1 ratio |
A man and his wife are both carriers of the recessive allele causing Tay Sachs disease (chromosome 15) if they have a normal child what is probability that child is NOT a carrier | 1/3 |
True breeding plants are always | homozygous |
Which of the following is a monohybrid cross | Bb x Bb |
In a family that starts with you, your grandchildren would be considered the | F2 generation |
Sickle cell anemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, which most correctly describes the genotype of an unaffected person who has a sibling with sickle cell anemia | cannot be determined by the phenotype |
The allele that masks the effects of the other is ___ and the masked allele is___ | dominant, recessive |
The genotype of a particular trait refers to | the combination of alleles of the gene |
Mendels characters are | genes |
A true breeding tall plant is crossed to a true breeding dwarf plant The F1 generation is then crossed to yield a F2 generation what is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation | 3tall:1dwarf |
A __ cross yield a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 and a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 | monohybrid |
A test cross is conducted between an individual with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual. The phenotypes of kids are 50% dominant what is genotype of unknown parent | heterozygous |
A diplois individual with 2 identical alleles of a gene is__while a__has 2 different alleles of a gene | homozygous, heterozygote |
What term describes the most common expression of a particular allele combination in a population | dominant |
What is the probability that two heterozygous individuals Hh will produce a homozygous recessive offspring | 1/4 |
Consider a group of 100 heterozygous individuals (50 couples) all w/recessive disease allele. If 200 kids are born what % would theoretically be carries like their parents | 50% |
Pea plants w/yellow seed color Y is dominant to green seed y, in one experiment a cross produced 6022 plants w/yellow and 2001 plants w/green. Which describes the genotype of a plant with green color | yy |
Two carriers of albinism have 4 kids. 1 is albino and 3 are normal. What is probability that the next would be albino | 25% |
In a pedigree autosomal recessive traits tend to | skip generations |
The Amish couple has a 5th child w/ PKU what is probability that the 6th child will have both PKU and EvC | 1/16 |
The genotypic ratio expected from a dihybrid cross is | 9:3:3:1 |
Pea plants w/yellow seed color Y is dominant to green seed y in one experiment a cross produced 6022 plants w/yellow and 2001 plants w/green. Which describes genotype of plant with yellow color | cannot be determined by looking at it |
An adult sibling of a person who is known carrier of Tay sachs disease has a __chance of being a carrier, note homozygous recessive individual does not survive childhood | 2/3 |
Which genotype is normally not found in a gamete | aa |
Mendels idea that alleles separate during gamete formation is called the law of | segregation |
Mendel called physical units responsible for the inheritance of traits “characters” The basis for his first law is that characters | separate from each other during meiosis |
A__can be used to follow the transmission of alleles & is based on probability. It represents how particular genes in gametes come together assuming they are carried on different chromosomes | punnett square |
The second generation resulting from a genetic cross is the | F1 generation |
For two traits A and B what are the genotypes of the gametes that a heterozygote would produce | AB, Ab, aB, ab |
The __rule of probability is useful in calculating the risk that certain individuals will inherit a particular genotype | product |
Using the product rule the probability that parents heterozygous for 2 traits (AaBb) will produce a homozygous recessive offspring (aabb) would be | 1/16 |
Two phenotypically normal individuals have an affected child what can we conclude about the parents | they both carry disease |
In the cross AaBb x aabb what % of the offspring are expected to show a completely dominant phenotype | 25% |
Which of the following incorrectly identifies the mode of inheritance for the given genetic disease | sickle cell dominant |
Which of the following genotypes is considered doubly homozygous | RRYY |
In pea plants the allele for tall T is dominant to the allele for short t the genotype for a short pea is | tt |
James Poush discovered distal symphalangism in his family and published a report on findings this condition is inherited as autosomal dominant what best describes a person with this condition | homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant |
Amish couple (both normal) have 4 kids. The 1st 3 are normal and 4th born with autosomal recessive disorder EvC, 6 fingered dwarfism from defective chromosome 4, probability that next child will also have | 1/4 |
An autosomal dominant trait | can affect either sex |
Mendels idea that elementen separate during gamete formation is called | the law of segregation |
Which of the following crosses is a test cross | unknown x aa |
What term describes the most common expression of a particular allele combination ina population | wild type |
Kathys brother has cystic fibrosis, her husband has no history, what chance will Kathys kid inherit the CF allele and be a carrier of the CF mutation | 2/3x1/2 |
Consider an autosomal dominant trait if unaffected parent and a heterozygous parent has a baby what chance will they have an unaffected child | 50% |
Relatives who have children together have a much higher risk of having children affected by a__condition | recessive |
Achondroplasia is a dominant form of dwarfism 2 affected individuals have a __chance of having an unaffected child | 25% |
Alleles that appear to skip generations, have disorders that are more severe and produce symptoms at earlier ages are | recessive |
When both males and females are affected and transmit the disease with equal frequency and successive generations are affected | it’s an autosomal dominant trait |
Can independent assortment be demonstrated in a monohybrid cross | no you must examine the transmission of two or more genes |
Which of the following is an example of a cross between two dihybrids | AaBb x AaBb |
Family relationships are displayed using | pedigrees |
Can a pedigree be inconclusive | yes |
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