A&PI - Ch 6 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
growth from outside; cartilage forming cells in perichondrium form new matrix; growth accomplished by addition of new layers onto those previously formed | appositional |
growth from within; chondrocytes inside cartilage divide & secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within | interstitial |
cartilage growth ends during | adolescence |
hyaline , elastic & fibrocartilage are all | skeletal cartilages |
bones that are longer than they are wide; has shaft plus 2 ends; | long bones |
all limb bones are long bones except | carpal, tarsal bones & patellar |
cube-shaped bones of wrist & ankle | short bones |
type of short bones that form within tendons (e.g. patella) | sesamoid bones |
thin, flattened bones; sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skull bones | flat bones |
bones w/complicated shapes; vertebrae & hip bones | irregular bones |
support, protect, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation | functions of bones |
external surfaces of bones; show projections, depressions, openings, e.g. tubercle, spine, process, facet, foramen etc. | bone markings |
bone markings are for attachment for | muscles, ligaments, & tendons |
bone markings form __ __ | joint surfaces |
bone markings are for __ of blood vessels & nerves | passage |
dense outer layer, smooth & solid | compact bone |
internal layer made of needle-like trabeculae | spongy/cancellous bone |
shaft; composed of compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity which contains marrow | diaphysis of long bones |
expanded ends; compact bone on outside & spongy bone on inside | epiphyses of long bones |
joint surface of epiphyses, of long bones, covered w/__ cartilage | hyaline |
where epiphysial plate used to be; btwn diaphysis & epiphyses | epiphyseal line of long bones |
region where epiphysis & diaphysis meet (could be epiphyseal plate/line) | metaphysis of long bones |
double-layered membrane; covers outer surface of bone, richly supplied w/nerve fibers, blood vessels | periosteum of long bones |
periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer of connective tissue | outer fibrous |
periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer, composed of osteoblasts & osteoclasts | inner osteogenic |
originating in bone; development & formation of bone | osteogenic |
delicate membrane covering, internal surfaces of bone; has osteoblasts & osteoclasts | endosteum of long bones |
covered compact bone on outside w/endosteum covered spongy bone on inside | periosteum of short, irregular, & flat bones |
short, irregular, & flat bones __ __ diaphysis, epiphyses, or medullary cavity | have no |
short, irregular, & flat bones contain __ __ btwn trabeculae | bone marrow |
bone marrow at birth is __ __ | red marrow |
red marrow, in infants, is found in __ cavity of diaphysis | medullary |
red marrow, in infants, is found in __ __ of spongy bone | all areas |
red marrow, in adults, found in __ __ __ | spongy bone cavities |
red marrow, in adults, found in __ of femur & humerus | head |
medullary cavities, in adults, contain __ | fat |
sites for obtaining red marrow samples for diagnosis | sternum & iliac crest |
compact bone has __ system | Haversian |
structural unit made of hollow tubes of matrix | osteon |
one of bony concentric layers surrounding Haversian canals in bone | lamella of compact bone |
runs through each osteon; contains blood vessels & nerves | central canal of compact bone |
any of small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from periosteum into bone; lie perpendicular to & communicate w/Haversian canals | Volkmann's canal |
Volkmann's canals connect blood & nerve supply of __ to that of __ __ | periosteum; central canals |
osteocytes lie in __ at __ of lamellae, in compact bone | lacunae; junctions |
one of hair-like channels ramifying a haversian system in bone & linking lacunae w/one another & w/Haversian, within compact bone | canaliculi |
spongy bone composed of __, needle-like pieces of bone, w/spaces in btwn | trabeculae |
trabeculae, of spongy bone, contain __ __ lamellae & osteocytes connected by canaliculi | irregularly arranged |
no osteons present in __ bone | spongy |
osteogenic cells are | stem cells |
osteoblasts are | bone-forming cells |
osteocytes are | mature bone cells |
osteoclasts are | cells that resorb/break down bone |
unmineralized bone matrix composed of ground substance & collagen fibers, organic cell | osteoid |
mineral salts are __ | inorganic |
65% of bone mass is | mineral salts |
mineral salts are mainly salts of | calcium phosphate |
processes of bone tissue formation | osteogenesis & ossification |
osteogenesis & ossification leads to formation of __ __ in embryos | bony skeleton |
osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ until early adulthood | bone growth |
osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ in adult life | bone thickness |
osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ & __ in adult life | remodeling; repair |
begins at 8th week embryonic development | formation of bony skeleton |
bone develops from a fibrous membranes; relating to, formed by, or being ossification of a membrane | intramembranous ossification |
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; relating to, formed by, or being ossification that takes place from centers arising in cartilage | endochondral ossification |
ossification that involves deposition of lime salts in cartilage matrix, followed by 2ndary absorption & replacement by true bony tissue | endochondral |
__ ossification involved in formation of most of flat bones of skull, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal & clavicles | intramembranous |
intramembranous ossification begins by | 8th week of development |
in intramembranous ossification, 1st spongy bone formed, then | gets enclosed by compact bone |
all other bones of skeleton formed by endochondral ossification of __ __ __ | hyaline cartilage models |
endochondral ossification begins by 8th week of development w/appearance of __ __ __ | primary ossification centers |
__ skeleton ossifies in predictable timetable | embryonic |
at birth, most long bones are well __, except for their __ which consists of cartilage | ossified; epiphyses |
shortly after birth __ ossification centers appear | secondary |
after birth, epiphyses __ | ossify |
when 2ndary ossification is complete, in long bones hyaline cartilage remains as | articular cartilages & epiphyseal plates |
cartilage on surface of epiphysis | articular cartilage |
located at junction of epiphysis & diaphysis; unites it with shaft, and is site of longitudinal growth of bone | epiphyseal plate |
during infancy & youth, long bones lengthen by interstitial growth of | cartilage of epiphyseal plate, which is being replaced by bone |
during infancy & youth, appositional growth of bones from | osteoblasts beneath periosteum |
as adolescence ends, growth of cartilage becomes __, | less |
as adolescence ends, __ __ become thin | epiphyseal plates |
as adolescence ends, epiphyseal plates & cartilage then | replaced by bone |
when bones of epiphysis & diaphysis fuse; bone lengthening stops (18y in f & 21y in m) | epiphyseal plate closure |
by age 25, nearly all bones are __ __ | completely ossified |
in childhood, bone formation exceeds __ | resorption |
in youth, bone formation & resorption are __ | balanced |
after 40 years bone mass __ w/age | decreases |
in old age, bone resorption __ | predominates |
depends on gender, race, & genetics | bone mass |
stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy & childhood | growth hormone |
initially promote growth spurts during puberty; cause masculinization & feminization of specific parts of skeleton; later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth | testosterone & estrogens |
bone remodeling includes bone __ & __ | deposition; resorption |
hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in blood; mechanical & gravitational forces acting on skeleton | control of remodeling |
fall in blood Ca levels signal parathyroid glands to release | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
signals osteoclasts to resorb bone matrix & release Ca into blood | PTH |
once __ __ levels rise, PTH secretion will decrease | blood Ca |
rise in blood Ca2+ levels | triggers release of calcitonin |
stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone, reducing blood Ca levels | calcitonin |
effects of calcitonin are __ __ in adults | less important |
bone grows/remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it; bones become stronger where stresses are acting | Wolff’s law |
reflects stresses bone is under | bone anatomy |
long bones are thickest __ along shaft, where bending stress is greatest | midway |
are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | curved bones |
large, bony projections occur where | heavy, active muscles attach |
position of bone ends after fracture | nondisplaced/ displaced |
completeness of break | complete/incomplete |
orientation of bone to long axis | linear/ transverse |
whether or not bones ends penetrate skin | compound (open)/ simple (closed) |
bone fragments into 3+ pieces; particularly common in aged, whose bones are more brittle | comminuted |
bone is crushed; common in porous bone (osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in fall | compression |
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone; common sports fracture | spiral |
epiphysis separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate; tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying & calcification of matrix is occurring | epiphyseal fracture |
broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture | depressed |
bone breaks incompletely; only one side of shaft breaks, other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively organic matrix & are more flexible than adult's | greenstick fracture |
stage in healing of bone fracture when torn blood vessels hemorrhage, mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site; site become swollen, painful, & inflamed | hematoma formation |
few days after hematoma formation, __ __ forms | fibrocartilaginous callus |
when fibrocartilaginous callus forms, __ __ appears which is a soft callus | granulation tissue |
during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ __ begin cleaning debris | phagocytic cells |
during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ & __ grow forming collagen & some cartilage matrix produced | capillaries; fibroblasts |
new bone trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, which converts into a bony (hard) callus & begins week after injury, continues until firm union is formed 2 months later - all during | bone callus formation |
excess material on bone shaft exterior & in medullary canal removed & compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls during | bone remodeling |
bones of adults are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones; main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency | osteomalacia |
bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing soft weakened bones; bowed legs & deformities of pelvis, skull, & rib cage are common; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency; has been essentially eliminated in US | rickets |
group of diseases in which bone resorption out-paces bone deposition; occurs most often in postmenopausal women | osteoporosis |
in osteoporosis, spongy bone of spine is __ __ | most vulnerable |
in osteoporosis, bones become so fragile that can __ __ | easily fracture |
includes, calcium & vitamin D supplements, increased weight-bearing exercise, hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss | osteoporosis treatment |
skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue, which consists | primarily of water |
accounts for cartilage's resilience, or ability to spring back to original shape after being compressed | high water content |
cartilage containing no nerves/blood vessels, surrounded by layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium |
articular, costal, respiratory, & nasal cartilages are made up of __ cartilage | hyaline |
support external nose | nasal cartilage |
for skeleton on larynx & reinforce respiratory passageways | respiratory cartilages |
connect ribs to sternum | costal cartilages |
cover ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilages |
more flexible than hyaline cartilage; better able to stand up to repeated bending; found only in epiglottis & external ear | elastic cartilages |
consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating w/thick collagen fibers; most compressible; resistant to stretch; forms vertebral discs & knee joint (menisci) cartilages | fibrocartilages |
bones are named for their __ shape, not __ size | elongated; overall |
some sesamoid bones alter __ of pull of a tendon | direction |
because they contain various types of __ bones are __ | tissue; organs |
blood cell formation | hematopoiesis |
mature bone cells | osteocytes |
location of red bone marrow | spongy bone |
cartilage cells | chondrocytes |
bone-forming cells | osteoblasts |
shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
hollow space in the shaft | medullary cavity |
expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | epiphysis |
fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | periosteum |
thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
process of bone formation | osteogensis |
replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue | intramembranous ossification |
replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue | endochondral ossification |
growth region (in length) of the long bone | epiphyseal plate |
growth of bone in diameter | appositional growth |
narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | canaliculi |
basic functional unit of compact bone | osteon |
tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | trabeculae |
concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | lamellae |
perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal | Volkmann canals |
structures contained in the central canal of an osteon | blood vessels |
substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | yellow bone marrow |
substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | red bone marrow |
The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) |
hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | calcitonin |
hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | parathyroid hormone |
hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | estrogen |
elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | testosterone |
hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | thyroid hormone |
painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | osteomyelitis |
condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | osteopenia |
hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with this disorder | osteomalacia |
condition causing bow legs in a child | rickets |
painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | osteoporosis |
fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin | simple fracture |
fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin | compound fracture |
fracture in which the bone is crushed | compression fracture |
fracture in which bone fragments into many pieces | comminuted fracture |
long bone | femur of the leg |
short bone | carpals of wrist |
flat bone | sternum of breastbone |
irregular bone | vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones |
sesamoid bone | patella of knee |
large, rough, rounded projections | tuberosity |
crest | narrow ridge of bone |
trochanter | very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process |
tubercle | small rounded projection or process |
spine | sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | head |
smooth, nearly flat articular surface | facet |
rounded articular projection | condyle |
arm-like bar of bone | ramus |
meatus | canal-like passageway |
sinus | cavity within a bone |
fossa | shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
groove | furrow |
fissure | narrow, slit-like opening |
foramen | round or oval opening through a bone |
formation of compact bone plates and red marrow | stage 4 of intramembranous ossification |
formation of bone matrix within the fibrous membrane | stage 2 of intramembranous ossification |
formation of an ossification center in the fibrous membrane | stage 1 of intramembranous ossification |
formation of woven bone and the periosteum | stage 3 of intramembranous ossification |
calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis | stage 2 of endochondral ossification |
formation of bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model | stage 1 of endochondral ossification |
ossification of the epiphysis | stage 5 of endochondral ossification |
formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues | stage 4 of endochondral ossification |
invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation | stage 3 of endochondral ossification |
cartilage cells undergo mitosis | stage 1 in growth of a long bone |
dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating | stage 3 in growth of a long bone |
ossification occurs on the epiphyseal plate next to the medullary cavity | stage 4 in growth of a long bone |
cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix | stage 2 in growth of a long bone |
hyaline | most abundant skeletal cartilage |
fibrocartilage | able to withstand large amounts of compression |
elastic cartilage | located in the external ear and epiglottis |
protection | function of the skeletal system that encloses brain and other soft organs |
movement | function of the skeletal system that provides site of attachment for skeletal muscles |
mineral storage | function of the skeletal system that provides calcium phosphate repository |
hematopoiesis | function of the skeletal system that provides blood cell production |
osteoblast | bone-building cell |
osteoclast | bone-destroying cell |
osteocyte | mature bone cell |
bone stem cell | osteoprogenitor cell |
diaphysis | primary ossification center |
epiphysis | secondary ossification center |
epiphyseal plate | site of length increase in long bones |
endochondral ossification | process of long bone development |
hematoma formation | caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site |
fibrocartilage callus | activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site |
bony callus formation | trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue |
bone remodeling | excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis |
lamellae | layers of bone |
lacunae | cavities in bone where bone cells live |
collagen | major organic fiber of bone |
calcium phosphate | major inorganic component of bone |
long bone | has length greater than width |
short bone | equal length and width |
irregular bone | bone with complex shape |
flat bone | thin bone |
sesamoid bone | ovoid bone found in tendon |
osteoporosis | condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function |
periosteum | does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone |
intramembranous ossification | begins at approximately the eighth week of development; cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) |
estrogen | maintains normal bone mass by inhibiting the stimulatory effects of parathyroid hormone on osteoclast activity; in post menopausal women can cause osteoporosis |
yellow bone marrow | bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids |
osteocytes | mature bone cells that are embedded in the matrix |
osteocytes | are contained in lacunae of bone |
endochondral ossification | process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to |
compact bone and spongy bone | two types of osseous tissue |
long bones have reached their adult length | when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone |
intramembranous ossification | begins within a connective tissue membrane |
fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the | diaphysis |
interstitial growth | growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate |
through canaliculi, | osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal |
spongy bone does not contain | true osteons |
bones in the long axis of the body make up | axial skeleton |
avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it | characteristic of skeletal cartilage that limits its thickness |
menisci of the knee are made of | fibrocartilage |
chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage | best describes interstitial growth of cartilage |
__ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull | sesamoid |
vitamin D is not stored in | matrix of bones |
anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone | perforating/Sharpey's fibers |
site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult | sternum |
twisting of a long bone is prevented by | circumferential lamella |
hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is | primarily composed of calcium and phosphates |
before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is | composed of fibrous membrane |
rickets can occur when | breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient |
collagen lends __ __ to bone matrix | flexible strength |
provides the template of the eventual mature bone | cartilage model |
excess __ __ prior to puberty would result in gigantism | growth hormone |
growth hormone stimulates | skeletal and muscular growth and development |
parathyroid hormone stimulates __ __ when the calcium level in the blood is low | osteoclast activity |
some skull bones, part of the mandible, and the diaphyses of the clavicles | develop from membranes |
secondary ossification centers | occur in the epiphyses |
osteocytes are located | in the lacunae |
calcitonin stimulates __ __ by drawing calcium ions from the blood and depositing them in the bone tissues | osteoblast activity |
calcium | most abundant mineral in the human body |
calcium is the __ __ that makes up the skeleton | major mineral |
bone growth __ when the epiphyseal plate is present | continues |
once the epiphyseal plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line | bone growth ceases |
vitamin D is necessary for | absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions |
osseous tissue is __ __ and heals readily | very vascular |
appositional growth adds __ to the cartilage | girth |
because their length is greater than width | metacarpals are long bones |
increase in parathyroid hormone can cause bones to become | porous and brittle |
PTH targets bone and | liberates calcium into the blood |
sesamoid bones are a special type of | short bone that are usually found within tendons, which are made of dense connective tissue |
spongy bone located in flat bones | special name diploe |
appendicular skeleton includes | upper and lower limb bones |
ribs belong to | axial skeleton |
bones serve as a(n) __ __ of calcium | important reservoir |
yellow marrow can revert to red marrow if | more red blood cells are needed by the body |
Haversian system | structural unit of compact bone |
spongy bone does not | contain osteons |
collagen fibers do not | provide for bone hardness |
endochondral ossification forms | majority of bones below the base of the skull |
intermembranous ossification leads to | formation of cranial bones |
hyaline cartilage can be found at epiphyseal plates | at the end of secondary ossification |
in adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to a(n) | increase in sex hormones |
when Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal | parathyroid hormone is released |
patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces | would be considered comminuted fracture |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Anatomy sets