CHAPTER 11 Word Scramble
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TERM | DEFINITION |
arrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms |
dysrhythmias | abnormal heart rhythms |
heart block (aterioventricular block) | failure of proper conduction of impulses |
flutter | rapid but regular contractions of atria or ventricles |
fibrillation | rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions |
cardia pacemaker | to overcome arrhythmias |
defibrillator | electrical devise to restor proper rhythm |
cardioversion | another name for shocking the heart |
digozin | drug that slows heart rate |
implantable cardioverter/defibrillater (ICD) | put in chest to sense arrhythmias and correct them |
radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) | nonsurgical treatment for arrhythmia |
cardiac arrest | sudden stoppage of heart movement |
palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in chest associated with arrhthmias |
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | cause palpitations |
premature atrial contractions (PACs) | cause palpitations |
congenital heart disease | abnormalities in heart at birth |
coarctation of aorta (CoA) | narrowing of aorta |
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | small duct between aorta and pulmonary artery normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent) |
septal defects | small holes in septa between atria or ventricles |
heart-lung machine | relieves heart and lungs of pumping |
trans-catheter closure | clamshell devise into heart via cathator closes septal defects |
minimally invasive heart surgery | surgery through puncture holes in chest |
tetralogy of Fallot | congenital malformation of heart involving four (tetra) distinct defects |
tetralogy of fallot defect 1 pulmonary artery stenosis | blood is not adequately passed to lungs for oxygen |
tetralogy of fallot defect 2 ventricular septal defect | gap in septum lets deoxygenated blood through |
tetralogy of fallot defect 3 shift of aorta to right | aorta overrides inerventricular septum |
tetralogy of fallot defect 4 hypertrophy of right ventricle | myocardium has to work harder to pump blood |
blue baby | has tetralogy of fallot shich causes cyanosis |
congestive heart failure (CHF) | heart is unable to pump requied amount of blood |
pulmonary adema | fluid seeps out of capillaries into tiny air sacs of lung because of CHF |
left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | booster pump in abdomen for people waiting for heart transplant because of CHF |
coronary artery disease (CAD) | disease of arteries surrounding the heart |
atherosclerosis | deposite of fatty compounds on inner lining of coronary artery |
thrombotic occlusion | blocking of the coronary artery by a clot |
ischemia | descrease in blood flow |
necrosis | death |
infarction | dead mycardial tissue |
acute coronary syndromes (ACS) | consequences after plaque rupture coronary arteries |
consequences of ruptured coronary artery | unstalbe angina, myocardial infarction |
angiography | x ray imaging of coronary arteries |
revascularization | blood flow to heart muscle |
nitroglycerin | treats acute attacks of angina |
nitrates | drug is vasodilator increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure |
aspirin | prevent aggregation of platelets |
beta-blockers | reduce force and spee of heartbeat to lower blood pressure |
ACE inhibitors | reduce high blood pressure and risk of future heart attacks |
calcium channel blockers | relax muscles in blood vessels |
statins | lower cholesterol levels |
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | replace clooged vessels |
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | catheterization with ballons and stents open clogged arteries |
transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) | laser makes holes in heart muscle to induce angiogenesis(growth of new blood vessels) |
endocarditis | inflammation of inner lining of heart causedd by bacteria |
vegetations | lesions caused by infection or trauma to heart valves |
emboli | lesions that break off into blood stream (vegatations) |
petechiae | pinpoint hemorrages |
cure endocarditis | antibiotics |
hypertensive heart disease | high blood pressure affecting the heart |
ventricular hypertrophy left | narrowing of arteriols causes to pump more from hypertensive heart disease |
mitral valve prolapse(MVP) | improper closure of mitral valve |
murmur | an extra heart sound, heard between beats |
bruit (bru-long e) | abnormal sound or murmur hear on ausculation |
thrill | vibration felt on palpation of chest, often accompanies a murmur |
pericarditis | inflammation of membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart |
cardiac tamponade | compression of heart caused by collection of fluid |
pericardiocentesis | drains excess fluid in the pericardium |
rheumatic heart disease | heart disease caused by rheumatic fever |
rheumatic fever follows after | streptococcal infection |
rheumatic heart disease can cause | mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation and congestive heart faluire |
aneurysm | local widening (dialation) of an arterial wall |
berry aneurysms | aneurysms of small vessels in brain |
hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure |
exxential hypertension | most high blood pressure with no identifiable cause |
secondary hypertension | caused by another associated lesion |
peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | blockage of blood vessels outside of the heart |
carotid | neck artery |
femoral | thigh artery |
popliteal | back of knee artery |
intermittent claudication | absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest but pain, tension, weakness after walking has begun |
raynaud disease | short episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes |
vericose veins | abnormally swollen and twisted veins usually in legs |
hemorrhoids (piles) | varicose veins near the anus |
angina (pectoris) | chest pain resulting from temporary difference between supply and demand of oxygen to heart muscl |
ausculation | listening with a stethoscope |
beta-blockers | durgs used to treat angina, hypertension and arrhythmias, block action of epinephrine at recepter sites, ,slowing the heartbeat |
calcium channel blockers | treat angina, hypertension, dialate blood vessels by blocking influx of calcium to muscles cells lining vessels |
cardiac tamponade | pressure on heart caused by fluid in pericardial space |
claudiction | pain,tension and weakness in leg after walking has begun |
digoxin | drug treats arrhythmias and strengthens heartbeat |
emboli (sing embolus) | colecctions of materials travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel |
ingarction | area of dead tissue |
nitrates | treat angina, dilate blood vessels |
occlusion | closure of a blood vessel |
patent | open |
statins | dugs used to lower cholesterol in bloodstream |
LAB TEST:lipid tests | measure cholesterol and triglycerides in blood sample |
saturated fats | animal origin |
polyundaturated fats | vegetable origin |
LAB TEST:liprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample |
LAB TEST:serum enzyme tests | chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack |
serum enzyme tests for | creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), troponin-T (cTnT) |
DIAGNOSTIC: angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injecting contrast material |
DIAG: arteriography | x-ray of imaging of arteries after injecting contract into aorta or artery |
DIAG: digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | video equipment and computer produce x ray images of blood vessels |
ULTRASOUND: doppler ultrasound | sound waves measure movement of blood flow |
ULTRASOUND: echocardiography (ECHO) | high-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of heart |
NUCLEAR: positron emission tomography (PET) scan | images showing blood flow and function of myocardium following uptake of radioactive substances |
NUCLEAR:technetium (Tc) 99m Sestamibi scan | Technetium 99m sestamibi injected IV and taken up in area of an MI |
NUCLEAR:thallium 201 scan | concentration of a radioactive substance measured in mycardium |
MAGNETIC: carciac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | images of cardiac tissue produce with magnetic waves |
PROC: cardiac catheterization | thin flexible tube guided into heart via vein or artery |
PROC: electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) | recording of electricity flowing through heart |
PROC: Holter monitoring | An ECG device worn during 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
PROC: stress test | exercise tolerance test (ETT) determine heart's response to physical exertion |
TREAT: cardioversion (defibrillation) | very brief discharges of electricity, applied across chest to stop arrhythmias |
PROC: endarterectomy | surgical removal of diseased inner layers of artery |
PROC:extracorporeal circulation | heart-lung machine diverts blood from heart and lungs while heart is being stopped |
TREAT: heart transplantation | a donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
TREAT: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | balloon-tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery; stents are put in place |
TREAT: thrombolytic therapy | drugs to dissolve clots are injected into blood stream of patients with coronary thrombosis |
streptokinase | drug to restore blood flow to heart |
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