| Term |
Description |
| Nationalism | strong devotion to a nation's interests |
| Militarism | nation's emphasis on aggressve military preparedness |
| Imperialism | Process of extending economic, military, and political influence over other nations |
| triple entente | Became allied powers-France, Britain, Russia |
| Triple Alliance | central powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| pacifists | believed that all wars should be outlawed |
| Gavrilo Princip | Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand |
| Black Hand | Serbian nationalist group that wanted to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Central Powers | military alliance during WWI consisting of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman empire |
| Allied Powers | Military alliance during WWI consisting of more than 20 nations including Russia, France, and Britain |
| Schlieffen Plan | German plan to conquer France and then Russia by pushing through Belgium into Northern France |
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| alfred Nobel | the swedish discoverer of dynamite |
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| stalemate | neither side able to win |
| Trench Warfare | method of fighting in ditches deep enough to enable soldiers to fight standing up |
| the Hague Court | permanent court of arbitration to provide nations with neutral arbitrations to dispute. |
| u-boat | German submarine |
| lusitania | british passenger liner sunk by german u-boat |
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| zimmermann telegram | secret message from german foreign secretary to mexico suggesting an alliance against the U.S. |
| Woodrow Wilson | President of U.S. during WWI |
| 5 major powers in europe | Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary. |
| treaty of brest-litovsk | peace treaty signed by russia and germany ending russia's involvement in WWI. Russia gave up 1/3 population and 1/4 land. |
| alsace and Lorraine | Germany took it from France |
| powder keg of europe | the balkans |
| Krupp works | arm maker that sold weapons to both sides |
| Serbia | Austria lost arch-duke then attacked Serbia cause of that |
| Neutrality proclamation | wilson issued it to announce that the U.S. is neutral |
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| First battle of marne | French and British stooped germans and realized not quick victory |
| Battle of Somme | British lost 60,000 one day |
| new weapons | tank, posion gas, airplanes, machine guns |
| influences vs. U.S. neutrality | british examining u.s. ships, u-boats, luisitania killing 128 americans |
| William Jennings bryan | sec of state, argued u.s could not issue ultamatium and remain neutral thought wilsons commercial trade helped allies |
| Sussex pledge | U.S. forced german renewal to not sink liners wo/ warning or assuing passenger saftey |
| Robert Lansing | Bryan's succesor encouraged trade in war materials esp. w/ allies |
| National Defense act; "military preparedness program" | increased # of soldiers in reg army helped nat. guard and navy |
| jeanette rankin | from montana, wanted to support country but refused war, pacifist and leader of woman's suffrage movement |
| selective service act | 1917- required men 21-30 (changed 18-45) to register w/ local draft boards (2.8 mil drafted) in hope to bring together diff. backrounds |
| American Expeditionary Force | led by Pershing; fought w/ france (helped build) |
| convoy system | merchant vessels escorted by warships; transported supplies and volunteers |
| marshal ferdinand foch | french military leader; pershing joins |
| General Von Hindenbourg | led german troops |
| armistice | to cease fire signed nov 11, 1918@ 11am |
| armistice terms | germ evacuate france, belgium, luxembourg, & alsace lorraine; surrender war materials; allies alowed to occupy rhineland |
| american battles | belleau wood, St. mihiel, 2nd battle of marne |
| croix de guerre | "cross of war" french military honor given to af. american troop ( for argonne offensive) |
| germ power | Wilhelm 2 goes into exile Netherlands |
| William McAdoo | sec of treasury-war bonds, increased taxes, gov set prices& production levels, regulation of business |
| Food Administration | Herbert Hoover; increase farm production, observe meatless and wheatless days, grow gardens |
| Fuel Act | Harry Garfield- heatless mondays, closed factories when short of fuel |
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| War Industries Board | Bernard Baruch- resp for locating scare materials, set prices , production priorities |
| labor probs | due to draft, lack of european immigration & union strikes short of labor |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) | created by wilson- composed of reps from business's; arbitrated disputes between employers and workers (caused union membership to grow) |
| woman's roles | took over jobs of men @ war; volunteered war hospitals |
| Carie Chapman Catt | woman's suffrage leader; on committe of council of nat. defense( supported war) |
| harriet stanton blanch | head food administration speakers bureau- helped passage of 19th amendment |
| mexican immigration | fleeing mex revolution lured by southern farmers |
| great migration | african americans from south to north; better standard of living but racial violence |
| Committe on Public Information | George Creel- prog to support war; warned about spies, criticizing gov, changed names of german foods etc |
| sedition& espionage act | 1917- outlawed acts of treason; made crime to recognize disloyalty, opposition to draft, war bonds or arms industry (arrested socialist's berger and debs) |
| fourteen points | wilson's program for world peace dealt with self determination, causes of war, league of nations |
| Big four | Wilson, Orlando, Lloyd George, Clemenceau |
| Victtorio Orlando | Italy's prime minister- make sure italy got territories guaranteed before war |
| David Lloyd George | British prime minister- didnt want to show generosity twd germans or give up naval supremecy (against wilson's plan) |
| George Clemenceau | ensure french security w/ revenge on germ |
| Reparations | insisted germ bare finacial cost of war; wanted secret spoils of war treaties honored (violated wilson's plan) |
| treaty of versailles | ended ww1-Germ colonies & ottoman empire divided among allied nations as specified in spoils of war treaty; creation league of nations |
| mandate system | required new colonial rulers to report on administraion to league of nations |
| new nations | czechoslavakia, yugoslavia, finland, estonia, lativa, lithuania, poland |
| treaty bitter for germ | lost colonies, france reclaimed alsace lorriane (won 15 yr control of saar; rich in coal and iron); disarmed & forced to admit full guilt |
| Wilson's proposal for league of nations | headquartered in geneva; permenant administrative assembly, each nation one vote and a council, 5 perm members: france britain italy japan & us(never joined) |
| league covenant | solve disputes peacefully; waiting period before war, if failed to follow council could apply economic pressure and use force; article 10 |
| article 10 | respect and preserve independence & territorial integrity of all member nations |
| irreconcilables | 14 republicans wanted nothing to do with treaty and league of nations |
| reservationists | led by henry cabot lodge; 35 republicans senators would support treaty if league covenant amended because they objected article 10; wanted to protect senate's power to declare war |
| henry cabot lodge | mass. head of senate's committe on foreign relations; wilson's enemy (led reservationists) |
| wilson's campaign | 9,500 speaking tour defending treaty; collapsed from stroke; treaty failed |
| 1920 election | american's wanted to put war behind; league of nations formed without america |
| global impact | europe: industry and agriculture not enough to meet demand; germ: food shortages & lost territory |
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| Belgium | invaded by Germany |
| Battle of Marne | marked first turning point in war, Germany lost quick victory |
| Verdum | high # of casualties french won back Verdum |
| Garret Morgan | invented gas masks |
| Armenian massacre | killing of alot of christians, at least 600,000 men, women and children murdered |
| william gibbs macadoo | wilson's son-in-law convinced him that he could find money to fight the war |
| espionage act | aimed at spying and treason and prohibiting use of mails to send treasonable materials |
| sedition act | barred critism on gov't |
| Alvin york | U.S. war hero registered for draft but asked for exemption on religious purposes |
| stevedores | load and unload boating docks |
| AEF | American Expeditionary Force, the first u.s. troops to arrive and fight, fought with france |
| Meuse-argonne | the last major French and American offensive war |
| the defender | Most popular black paper, it told them about the north |
| urban league | national group aided the a.a.with the adjsutment to the cities |
| League of nations | to correct any injustices of the peace treaty |
| Irreconcilables | does not get with the program |
| WILPF | Women's International League for peace and freedom est. in switz. they rallied around the league of nations |
