nation's emphasis on aggressve military preparedness
Imperialism
Process of extending economic, military, and political influence over other nations
triple entente
Became allied powers-France, Britain, Russia
Triple Alliance
central powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
pacifists
believed that all wars should be outlawed
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist group that wanted to unite Bosnia and Herzegovina
Central Powers
military alliance during WWI consisting of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman empire
Allied Powers
Military alliance during WWI consisting of more than 20 nations including Russia, France, and Britain
Schlieffen Plan
German plan to conquer France and then Russia by pushing through Belgium into Northern France
alfred Nobel
the swedish discoverer of dynamite
stalemate
neither side able to win
Trench Warfare
method of fighting in ditches deep enough to enable soldiers to fight standing up
the Hague Court
permanent court of arbitration to provide nations with neutral arbitrations to dispute.
u-boat
German submarine
lusitania
british passenger liner sunk by german u-boat
zimmermann telegram
secret message from german foreign secretary to mexico suggesting an alliance against the U.S.
Woodrow Wilson
President of U.S. during WWI
5 major powers in europe
Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary.
treaty of brest-litovsk
peace treaty signed by russia and germany ending russia's involvement in WWI. Russia gave up 1/3 population and 1/4 land.
alsace and Lorraine
Germany took it from France
powder keg of europe
the balkans
Krupp works
arm maker that sold weapons to both sides
Serbia
Austria lost arch-duke then attacked Serbia cause of that
Neutrality proclamation
wilson issued it to announce that the U.S. is neutral
First battle of marne
French and British stooped germans and realized not quick victory
Battle of Somme
British lost 60,000 one day
new weapons
tank, posion gas, airplanes, machine guns
influences vs. U.S. neutrality
british examining u.s. ships, u-boats, luisitania killing 128 americans
William Jennings bryan
sec of state, argued u.s could not issue ultamatium and remain neutral thought wilsons commercial trade helped allies
Sussex pledge
U.S. forced german renewal to not sink liners wo/ warning or assuing passenger saftey
Robert Lansing
Bryan's succesor encouraged trade in war materials esp. w/ allies
National Defense act; "military preparedness program"
increased # of soldiers in reg army helped nat. guard and navy
jeanette rankin
from montana, wanted to support country but refused war, pacifist and leader of woman's suffrage movement
selective service act
1917- required men 21-30 (changed 18-45) to register w/ local draft boards (2.8 mil drafted) in hope to bring together diff. backrounds
American Expeditionary Force
led by Pershing; fought w/ france (helped build)
convoy system
merchant vessels escorted by warships; transported supplies and volunteers
marshal ferdinand foch
french military leader; pershing joins
General Von Hindenbourg
led german troops
armistice
to cease fire signed nov 11, 1918@ 11am
armistice terms
germ evacuate france, belgium, luxembourg, & alsace lorraine; surrender war materials; allies alowed to occupy rhineland
american battles
belleau wood, St. mihiel, 2nd battle of marne
croix de guerre
"cross of war" french military honor given to af. american troop ( for argonne offensive)
germ power
Wilhelm 2 goes into exile Netherlands
William McAdoo
sec of treasury-war bonds, increased taxes, gov set prices& production levels, regulation of business
Food Administration
Herbert Hoover; increase farm production, observe meatless and wheatless days, grow gardens
Fuel Act
Harry Garfield- heatless mondays, closed factories when short of fuel
War Industries Board
Bernard Baruch- resp for locating scare materials, set prices , production priorities
labor probs
due to draft, lack of european immigration & union strikes short of labor
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
created by wilson- composed of reps from business's; arbitrated disputes between employers and workers (caused union membership to grow)
woman's roles
took over jobs of men @ war; volunteered war hospitals
Carie Chapman Catt
woman's suffrage leader; on committe of council of nat. defense( supported war)
harriet stanton blanch
head food administration speakers bureau- helped passage of 19th amendment
mexican immigration
fleeing mex revolution lured by southern farmers
great migration
african americans from south to north; better standard of living but racial violence
Committe on Public Information
George Creel- prog to support war; warned about spies, criticizing gov, changed names of german foods etc
sedition& espionage act
1917- outlawed acts of treason; made crime to recognize disloyalty, opposition to draft, war bonds or arms industry (arrested socialist's berger and debs)
fourteen points
wilson's program for world peace dealt with self determination, causes of war, league of nations
Big four
Wilson, Orlando, Lloyd George, Clemenceau
Victtorio Orlando
Italy's prime minister- make sure italy got territories guaranteed before war
David Lloyd George
British prime minister- didnt want to show generosity twd germans or give up naval supremecy (against wilson's plan)
George Clemenceau
ensure french security w/ revenge on germ
Reparations
insisted germ bare finacial cost of war; wanted secret spoils of war treaties honored (violated wilson's plan)
treaty of versailles
ended ww1-Germ colonies & ottoman empire divided among allied nations as specified in spoils of war treaty; creation league of nations
mandate system
required new colonial rulers to report on administraion to league of nations
lost colonies, france reclaimed alsace lorriane (won 15 yr control of saar; rich in coal and iron); disarmed & forced to admit full guilt
Wilson's proposal for league of nations
headquartered in geneva; permenant administrative assembly, each nation one vote and a council, 5 perm members: france britain italy japan & us(never joined)
league covenant
solve disputes peacefully; waiting period before war, if failed to follow council could apply economic pressure and use force; article 10
article 10
respect and preserve independence & territorial integrity of all member nations
irreconcilables
14 republicans wanted nothing to do with treaty and league of nations
reservationists
led by henry cabot lodge; 35 republicans senators would support treaty if league covenant amended because they objected article 10; wanted to protect senate's power to declare war
henry cabot lodge
mass. head of senate's committe on foreign relations; wilson's enemy (led reservationists)
wilson's campaign
9,500 speaking tour defending treaty; collapsed from stroke; treaty failed
1920 election
american's wanted to put war behind; league of nations formed without america
global impact
europe: industry and agriculture not enough to meet demand; germ: food shortages & lost territory
Belgium
invaded by Germany
Battle of Marne
marked first turning point in war, Germany lost quick victory
Verdum
high # of casualties french won back Verdum
Garret Morgan
invented gas masks
Armenian massacre
killing of alot of christians, at least 600,000 men, women and children murdered
william gibbs macadoo
wilson's son-in-law convinced him that he could find money to fight the war
espionage act
aimed at spying and treason and prohibiting use of mails to send treasonable materials
sedition act
barred critism on gov't
Alvin york
U.S. war hero registered for draft but asked for exemption on religious purposes
stevedores
load and unload boating docks
AEF
American Expeditionary Force, the first u.s. troops to arrive and fight, fought with france
Meuse-argonne
the last major French and American offensive war
the defender
Most popular black paper, it told them about the north
urban league
national group aided the a.a.with the adjsutment to the cities
League of nations
to correct any injustices of the peace treaty
Irreconcilables
does not get with the program
WILPF
Women's International League for peace and freedom est. in switz. they rallied around the league of nations
Buen Viaje lv.2 ch 8
