AP II chp 19 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What is the function of the cardiovascular system(blood) | to transport materials to and from cells |
What are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system? | heart(a pump); blood vessels(a conducting system); blood(fluid medium) |
What are the functions of blood? | 1)transport dissolved substances;2)regulation of pH and ions;3)restriction of fluid losses at injury sites;4)defense against toxins and pathogens;5)stabilization of body temp |
3 types of formed elements (whole blood) | red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets |
function of red blood cells | transport oxygen |
What are white bloods cells part of? | part of the immune system |
Platelets | cell fragments involved in clotting |
hemopoiesis | process of producing formed elements |
fractionation | process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis |
What are the 3 plasma proteins? | albumins; globulins; fibrinogen |
function of albumins | transport substances |
function of globulins | (round);antibodies; transport small molecules |
function of fibrinogen | form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
hemoglobin | the red pigment that gives whole blood its color; binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
structure of RBCs | small, highly specialized discs; thin in middle and thicker at edge |
importance of RBC shape and size | quickly absorbs and releases oxygen |
lifespan of RBCs | lack nuclei, mitochondria(no ATP) and ribosomes(no protein)=means no repair and anaerobic metabolism; live about 120days |
the protein molecule of hemoglobin's function is? | transports respiratory gases |
phagoctyes break hemoglobin into its components: | globular proteins to amino acids; heme to biliverdin(makes bile green); iron |
hemoglobinuria | hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to EXCESS HEMOLYSIS IN BLOODSTREAM |
hematuria | whole RBCs in urine due to KIDNEY OR TISSUE DAMAGE |
erythropoiesis | occurs only in myeloid tissue(red bone marrow) in adults; stem cells mature to become RBCs; made in red bone marrow by stem cells |
hemocytoblasts | stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs; lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes |
What is required when building RBCs? | amino acids; iron; vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid |
erythropoietin(EPO) | secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low(hypoxia)-due to disease or high altitude |
WBCs | aka leukocytes; DO NOT have hemoglobin; have nuclei and other organelles; longer life span |
WBCs functions | defend against pathogens; remove toxins and wastes; attack abnormal cells |
most WBCs are in: | connective tissue proper; lymphoid system organs |
T OR F: WBC can't migrate out of bloodstream | F they can |
What kind of movement do WBCs have? | amoeboid movement |
List the types of WBCs | neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils; monocytes; lymphocytes |
neutrophils | pale cytoplasm granules with: lysosomal enzymes and bactericides(both of these kill any bacterial pathogen); most common |
neutrophil action | very active; engluf pathogens; digest pathogens; release prostaglandins and leukotrienes; form pus |
degranulation | removing granules from cytoplasm |
defensins | attack pathogen membranes(PEPTIDE) |
T/F: Defensin-rich primary granules fuse with phagcytic vacuoles | T |
Eosinophils | attack large parasites; excrete toxic compounds; sensitive to allergens; control inflammation w/ enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells |
basophils | small; accumulate in damaged tissue; release histamine-dilates blood vessels; release heparin-prevents blood clotting |
monocytes | large, spherical; enter peripheral tissues and become marcophages; engulf large particles and pathogens; secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area |
lymphoctyes | larger than RBCs; migrate in and out of blood; mostly in connective tissues and lymphoid organs; part of the body's specific defense system |
Name the 3 classes of lymphocytes | T cells; B cells; Natural killer (NK) cells |
T cells | cell-mediated immunity; attack foreign cells directly |
B cells | humoral immunity; differentiate into plasma cells synthesize anitbodies |
natural killer (NK) cells | detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) |
platelets | circulate for 9-12 days; removed by spleen; 2/3 are reserved for emergencies |
3 functions of platelets | release imprtant clotting chemicals; temporarily patch damaged vessel walls; actively contract tissue after clot formation |
platelet production = | thromobocytopoiesis: occurs in bone marrow |
megakaryocytes | giant cells in bone marrow that manufacture platelets from cytoplasm |
hemostasis | cessation of bleeding |
3 phases of hemostasis | vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase |
3 steps of vascular phase | 1)endothelial cells contract; 2)endothelial cells release: chemical factors, local hormones, stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division;3)endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky":seal off blood flow |
3 steps of platelet phase | platelet adhesion(attachment);platelet aggregation (stick together); activated platelets release clotting compounds |
name the 3 coagulation pathways | extrinsic pathway; intrinsic pathway; common pathway |
extrinsic pathway | begins in the vessel wall:damaged cells release tissue factor(TF); TF+other compounds=enzyme complex; activates Factor X |
intrinsic pathway | begins with circulating proenzymes: activation of enxymes by collagen;platelets release factors; activates Factor X |
common pathway | where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge: forms enzyme prothrobinase; converts prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen to FIBRIN |
fibrin | fibrillar protein that is polymerised to form a "mesh" that forms a hemostatic plug or clot(in conjuction w/ platelets) |
hemostasis and clotting:area restriction | anticoagulants(plasma proteins); heparin; protein C=major physiological anticoagulant; prostacyclin=vasodilator; prevents formation of the platelet plug |
calcium ions, vitamin K and blood clotting | calcium ions (Ca2+) and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process |
fibrinolysis | slow porcess of dissolving clot |
hemostasis-clot retraction | thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): activate plasminogen(proenzyme of plasmin); plasminogen produces plasmin=digest fibrin strands |
plasma | water, dissolved plasma proteins, other solutes |
metalloprotein = | hemoglobin(Hb) |
EPO increases what? | RBC production |
prostaglandins = | vasodilation |
leukotrienes = help what and increase what? | help bring in more neutrophils; increase vascular permeability |
Pus is: | dead neutrophils |
neutrophils die after how long; what does it become? | after 12-24 days; become pus |
nitric oxide (gas) diffuses how? | quickly |
mast cells creats what then what is result | histamine = ^ blood flow |
heparin is a ? | blood thinner |
mast cells are in connective tissue so: | don't circulate, stay local |
T/F: Basophils circulate | T |
in the vascular phase; where do u want the platlets formation? | keep platalets formation localize (to cut) |
importance of vascular phase | vasoconstriction = decrease flow and restricting platelet formation |
what is the ultimate goal of coagulation phase? | making an insoluable wall |
the hormones and proteins used for clotting keep platelets where? | within the area |
vitamin K is made where? | liver |
^ viscosity and you (increase/decrease) resistance to blood flow | increase |
what are the general characteristics of blood? | high viscosity; slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45) |
fibrocytes maintain what and help? | maintain connective tissue which help in repair |
T/F: You do not need Calcium in the process of hemostasis | False, you need calcium in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase |
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kueeck
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