Med Term Mod18 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
acromegaly | chronic metabolic disorder involving gradual enlargement of bones-face, jaw, & extremities |
Addison disease | hypofunctioning of adrenal cortex; deficiency of all three adrenal steroids |
adenectomy | removal of gland |
adrenal virilism | excessive secretion of adrenal androgens |
adrenalectomy | excision of one or both adrenal glands |
adrenopathy | disease of adrenal glands |
cretinism | congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism |
Cushing syndrome | complex of caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex |
diabetes insipidus | hyposecretion of ADH; kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water |
diabetes mellitus | lack of insulin secretion or improper utilization of insulin by cells leading to chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism in cells |
dwarfism | congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |
endemic goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in diet |
endrocrinologist | medical specialist in diagnosis & treatment of endocrine gland disorders |
exophthalmometry | measures the forward displacement of the eyes |
exophthalmos | protrusion of eyeball, or proptosis |
symptom of hypothyroidism | exophthalmos |
fasting blood sugar | measure that assesses blood glucose levels after an 8- to 10-hour period of fasting |
test for diabetes mellitus | fasting blood sugar |
gastroparesis | loss of motility of stomach muscles |
long-term secondary complication of diabete mellitus | gatroparesis |
giantism | hypersecretion of growth hormaone from anterior pituitary before puberty |
glucose tolerance test | measures glucose levels in blood sample taken at various intervals from patient who previously ingested glucose |
glycosuria | sugar in urine |
goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland |
Graves disease | hyperfunctioning of thyroid gland |
can cause thryotoxicosis | Graves disease |
Graves disease is | the most common form of hyperthyroidism |
hirutism | excessive hair growth |
hypercalcemia | high levels of calcium in bloodstream |
often due to hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia |
hypercalciuria | high levels of calcium in urine |
hyperglycemia | high levels of sugar in blood |
hyperinsulinism | hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreas, resulting in hypoglycemia |
hyperparathyroidism | hypersecretion of parathormone from parathyroid gland |
hyperthyroidism | secretion by thryoid gland of greater than normal amount of thyroxine |
thyroid hormone | thryroxine / T4 |
hypocalcemia | low levels of calcium in blood |
hyperglycemia | low levels of calcium in blood |
hypogonadism | deficient functioning of gonads |
hypoinsulinism | deficient production of insulin |
hypokalemia | low levels of potassium in blood |
hyponatremia | low levels of sodium in blood |
hypoparathyroidism | hyposecretion of parathormone from parathyroid gland leading to hypocalcemia |
hypophysectomy | removal of pituitary gland |
hypopituitarism | deficient secretion of hormones from pituitary gland |
hypothyroidism | decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland |
ketoacidosis | high levels of ketones in blood |
myxedema | hypofunctioning of thyroid gland in adults causing accumulation of mucus-like substance under skin |
nodular goiter | enlargement of thryoid gland due to growth of adenomas on thyroid gland |
adenomas | nodules on a gland |
pancreatectomy | excision of pancreas |
panhypopituitarism | generalized deficiency of all pituitary hormones |
parathyroidectomy | removal of parathyroid glands |
pheochromocytoma | benign vascular tumor cusing hypersecretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine |
polydypsia | excessive thirst |
radioactive iodine uptake | involves administering iodine and assessing the amount absorbed by the gland |
indicator of thyroid gland function | radioactive iodine uptake |
sympathomimetic | pertaining to mimicking/copying effect of sympathetic nervous system |
norepinephrine & adrenaline are | sympathomimetic hormones |
syndrome of inappropriate ADH | excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of pituitary |
tetany | constant muscle contractions |
associated with hypocalcemia & hypoparathyroidism | tetany |
thyroid carcinoma | malignant tumor of thyroid gland |
thyroid function test | measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood |
thyroid scan | administration of radioactive compound & visualization of thyroid gland with scanning device |
thyroiditis | inflammation of thyroid gland |
thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism, overactivity of thyroid gland |
A1c | blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control |
measures ability to respond to a glucose load; test for diabetes | glucose tolerance test |
HbA1c glycolsylated hemoglobin test | test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin |
high level indicated poor glucose control in diabetes patients | glycolsylated hemoglobin test HbA1c |
Type 1 diabetes | insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
multiple endocrine neoplasia | hereditary hormonal disorder marked by adenomas & carcinomas |
Type 2 diabetes | non-insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
treatment for Graves disease | radioactive oidine |
radioimmunoassay | a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma |
mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract has cells that produce | hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin |
hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin all | help to regulate digestion |
Specific cells in the wall of the heart | secrete a hormone that causes the kidneys to excrete sodium |
prostaglandins | hormone-like substance produced body's tissues |
stimulate contraction of smooth muscle, influence inflammatory response & involved in gastrointestinal & vascular function, including lowering blood pressure | prostoglandins |
hypersecretion | excessive production of hormones |
hyposecretion | underproduction of hormones |
condition characterized by excessive size & stature | giantism |
if hypersecretion of GH occurs during adulthood this may result | acromegaly |
condition is acromegaly, not giantism, if hyper sercretion occurs | after the epiphyseal discs of the long bones have been sealed |
caused by adenomas of the pituitary | gigantism and acromegaly |
diagnosis of gigantism and acromegaly involve | CT scan & MRI to evaluate the tumor |
treatment for gigantism and acromegaly ivolves | irradiation or excision of neoplasm |
hyposecretion of growth hormone produces | pituitary dwarfism |
pituitary dwarfism | body is properly proportioned, but growth stunted |
height does not typically exceed 4 feet in | a patient with pituitary dwarfism |
pituitary dwarfism is usually diagnosed in early childhood with | radioimmunoassay |
Administering growth hormone to the patient | treats pituitary dwarfism |
radiographic examination of bones is done with | a radioimmunoassay |
prepubertal panhypopituitarism | rare disorder associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, & destruction of pituitary |
characterized by dwarfism with normal body proportions, subnormal sexual development, & diminished thyroid/adrenal gland functioning | prepubertal panhypopituitarism |
postpubertal panhypopituitarism | may result from thrombosis of the pituitary circulation |
signs/symptoms of postpubertal panhypopituitarism | weakness, fatigue, & intolerance of cold; progression to premature wrinkling of skin & atrophy of thyroid/adrenal glands |
leads to abnormal retention of water, due to excessive secretion of ADH | syndrome of inapproriate ADH |
signs of SIADH include | weight gain, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, & irritability |
may develop secondary to tumors, infectious diseases, pathologic reactions to drugs, or trauma | SIADH |
treatment of SIADH, as secondary, commonly involves | water intake restrictions, along with diagnosis of underlying disease |
excessive thirst & large quanities of urine excreted due to this condition | diabetes insipidus |
causes of diabetes insipidus can include | brian tumors, CNS infections/disease, & closed head trauma |
depending on etiology, treatment of diabetes insipidus can include | fluid replacement & ADH injection/inhalation |
excision of gland, decreased hormones affecting gland, atrophy of gland & endemic goiter | causes of hypothyroidism |
characteristics include dwarfism & mental retardation | cretinism |
treatment for cretinism with thyroid hormone may promote normal physical growth | but may not be able to reverse intellectual deficits |
most severe form of hypothyroidism | myxedema |
Persons with myxedema experience | swelling of hands, face & feet |
due to deficiency of thyroid hormone allowing increase of lipid/fat in bloodstream | patients suffereing from myxedema may also develop atherosclerosis |
Myxedema can be successfully treated with | administration of thyroid hormone |
untreated myxedema can lead to | coma & death |
goiter, may occur in conjunction with | increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function |
Endemic goiter occurs in certain geographic areas among populations of people who | lack sufficient dietary iodine |
enlargement results from collection of colloid, a jelly-like substance, within gland | goiter |
may occur in the presence of hyperthyroidism | nodular goiter |
nodular goiter is also called | adenomatous goiter |
Graves disease is believed to involve | dysfunction of immune system & influenced by genetics & environment |
most prominent features of Graves disease | |
exophthalmos is caused by | increased deposits of fat in tissues at back of eye socket |
absorption of iodine is increased in | hypothyroidism |
uptake is visualized in an image produced by a thyroid scan | radioactive iodine uptake |
measures the forward displacement of the eyes in patients with Graves disease | exophthalmometry |
treatment for Graves disease may involve | partial/total removal of thyroid or drugs to suppress thyroid hyperactivity |
Radioactive iodine uptake & thyroid scan can help to diagnose | thyrocarcinoma |
cancerous thyroid neoplasms are called | thyrocarinomas |
cancerous thyroid neoplasms | are rare |
grow more slowly than other malignancies | cancerous thyroid neoplasms |
hard painless nodule in an enlarged thyroid | characterizes cancerous thyroid neoplasms |
in a thyroid scan nodules that absorb radioactive iodine | show up as "hot" |
"hot" nodules in a thyroid scan | are usually benign |
don't take up radioactive iodine, during thyroid scan, showing up as "cold" | are normally tumors & likely to be malignant |
surgical removal & high-doce radioactive iodine therapy destroying any remaining cells | treatment for tumors of thyroid |
results in high levels of circulating PTN leading to hypercalcemia | hyperparathyroidism |
osteitis fibrosa cystica | hypersecretion of PTH causing hypercalcemia leads to fragile bones |
condition subject to development of cysts | osteitis fibrosa cystica |
osteitis fibrosa cystica & kideny stones are secondary conditions | of hyperparathyroidism |
hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by | adenoma of one of parathyroid glands |
adenoma of one of parathyroid glands is treated by | excision of the tumor |
muscles & nerves weaken, leading to constant tetany | hypoparathyroidism |
tetany, related to hypoparathyroidism, is due to | calcium remaining in bone & is unable to enter blood, to reach muscles & nerves |
adrenal virilism | excess secretions of androgens by inner layer of adrenal cortex |
females express secondary sex characteristics, including hiruitism & deepening of voice | adrenal virilism |
adrenal virilism is usually caused by | tumor of adrenal gland |
adrenal virilism is managed by suppressing hormone overproduction | with medication or surgical excision of adrenal gland |
Cushing syndrome may reflect the effect of | excessive levels of ACTH on adrenal gland, or tumor of adrenal cortex |
treatment of arthritis/lupus with glucocorticoids may also cause | Cushing syndrome |
display obesity, round/moon-like face, fatty deposits on chest, abdomen, & upper back | patients with Cushing syndrome |
Cushing syndrome can also cause | muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, and hypertension |
treatment of Cushing syndrome involves | reduction of amout of cortisol secretion pharmacologically/surgically |
deficiency of mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids & androgens are seen in | Addison disease |
Addison disease is believed to be a | dysfunction of immune system; antibodies produced destroying own adrenal tissue |
Addison disease symptoms include | weakness, fatigue, bronzed pigmentation of skin & mucous membranes |
bronzed pigmentation of skin/mucous membranes, occuring in Addison disease, caused by | increased levels of MSH & anorexia |
treatment of Addison disease includes | adrenal hormone replacement & management of underlying cause of illness |
in pheochromocytoma, chromaffin cells are effected and with chromium salts the | cells stain dark/dusky color |
signs of pheochromocytoma include | severe headache, palpitations, sweating, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, & persistent/intermittent hypertension |
surgical excision of the benign vasculat tumor is the usual treatment for | pheochromocytoma |
symptoms of insulin shock & hypoglycemia include | shakiness, sweating, headache, weakness, and loss of consciousness |
can result from excessive exercise, too little food or overdose of insulin | insulin shock or severe hypoglycemia |
insulin shock | hypoglycemic reaction to overdosage of insulin |
hyperinsulinism may be caused by | insulin-secreting tumor in islets of Langerhans/by exceeding prescribed dose of the hormone |
administering glucose reverses the condition | hyperinsulinism |
A deficient supply of insulin in the blood allows for | accumulation of potentially life-threatening amounts of glucose |
glucose is not properly transported to cells nor is it properly converted within cells as a source of energy when | there are abnormally low levels of insulin |
High levels of glucose in the bloodstream will | draw water out of cells, causing frequent urination as in diabetes mellitus |
patients with diabetes mellitus may have increased appetite & food intake due to | glucose being unavailable, cells will seek alternate sources of energy |
diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed with | fasting blood sugar test & glycoslyated hemoglobin test |
capable of measuring glucose control over several months | glycosylated hemoglobin test |
oral glucose tolerance test if used to diagnose | gestational diabetes |
ketoacids | a carboxylic acid that also contains a carbonyl (CO) group |
ketoacids are produced because cells are forced | to burn protein & fat instead of glucose |
buildup of ketoacids | alters the body's metabolic balance |
diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of | inadequate control of diabetes |
signs of ketoacidosis include | abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting, & fruity odor of the breath |
coma and death will result if this is left untreated | ketoacidosis |
accumulation of fatty materials in the blood vessels, from hyperglycemia, can cause | atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke to impaired blood supply to the extremities |
diabetic nephropathy | kidney disease as result of hyperglycemia |
diabetic neuropathy | destruction of nerves in the extremities |
if left untreated hyperglycemia can also cause | diabetic neuropathy & diabetic nephropathy |
diabetic retinopathy | retinal blood vessel manifestations, including tiny aneurysms and exudation |
diabetic retinopathy can lead to | vision loss & blindness |
diabetics are more likely to develop | cataracts & glaucoma |
plays an important role in both types of diabetes | heriditary |
in Type1 diabetes little or no insulin is produced because | beta cells of islets of Langerhans have been decreased in number by abnormal autoimmune process |
usually has its onset during childhood | Type 1 diabetes |
More than 70% of individuals in whom Type 2 diabetes develops are | obese |
insulin production is variable; its levels may be decreased, normal, or elevated | Type 2 diabetes |
Type2 diabetes results from tissue unresponsiveness/resistance to insulin, caused by | hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on surface of target cell membranes |
gestational diabetes | sometimes develops during pregnancy because of overall hormonal changes at that time |
gestational diabetes typically resolves after childbirth but may | recur years later as Type 2 diabetes |
thyroiditis | inflammation of thyroid |
dystocia | pertaining to pathologic/difficult childbirth |
endocrinopathy | any disease of endocrine system |
polyuria | condition of excessive urine |
Created by:
lfrancois
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