Pathology 3-1 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Neoplasia | abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth |
Neoplasm | tumor |
Oncology | study of tumors neoplasms |
Benign neoplasms | verruca, nevus, uterine leiomyoma |
Verruca | wart |
Nevus | mole |
uterine leiomyoma | fibroids |
malignant neoplasms | cancers |
Types of cancers | carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma |
"oma" | added to cell of origin, but some exceptions |
What are the "omas" that are malignant? | melanoma, hepatoma, lymphoma |
Sarcoma | arising mesenchymal tissue - Greek - flesh |
Carcinoma | arising from epithelial cells |
Leukemia/lymphoma | arising from blood-forming cells |
growth pattern | adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, papillary carcinoma |
nomenclature of carcinoma | growth pattern, organ of origin |
proliferating neoplastic cells | parenchyma |
stroma | connective, tissue, blood vessels, inflammatory cells |
desmoplasia | marked collagenous stromal response to a neoplasm |
benign vs. malignant | differentiation/anaplasia, rate of growth, local invasion, distant metastases |
differentiation | extent to which cells in neoplasm resemble normal cells in form and function |
anaplasia | lack of differentiation, lack of features that characterize mature cell |
How are benign neoplasms differentiated? | generally well differentiated, but abnormal mass |
What degree of differentiation do malignant neoplasms? | some degree of anaplasia - range from well-differentiated to undifferentiated |
What are some markers of anaplasia? | pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increase nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio |
What are more markers of anaplasia? | prominent nucleoli, clumped chromatin, atypical mitotic figures, loss of polarity |
How do benign tumors grow in relation to local tissue? | grow as cohesive, expansile masses that remain localized |
What are some characteristics of benign tumors? | discrete, easily moveable, can be surgically removed, pushing, not infiltrating |
What are characteristics of malignant tumor invasion? | demonstrate progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of surrounding tissue |
What are characteristics of the cancers in relation to surrounding tissue? | poorly demarcated, lack well-defined cleavage plane |
Carcinoma in situ | displays all cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of the basement membrane |
When does carcinoma in situ occur? | in cancers that evolve from a pre-invasive stage |
What are some examples of carcinoma in situ? | carcinoma of the cervix, colon carcinoma |
metastasis | defined as distant spread of tumor |
What does metastasis tell you about malignant vs. benign? | marks a tumor as malignant - benign neoplasms do not metastasize |
Can all malignant tumors metastasize? | most, but not all, can metastasize |
How can distant metastases occur? | direct seeding, lymphatic spread, bloodstream spread |
What is the most common target of metastases spreading through the bloodstream? | liver or lungs |
When may direct seeding of cavities and surfaces occur in metastases? | when any malignant neoplasm penetrates into a cavity |
When is direct seeding of cavities in metastasis common? | in ovarian carcinoma, spreading to the peritoneal cavity |
What is the most common route of spread for carcinomas and some sarcomas? | lymphatic spread |
Why does hematogenous spread usually target liver or lungs? | portal drainage to liver, vena caval drainage to lungs |
When is hematogenous spread common? | sarcomas, but also occurs in carcinomas |
What types of cancer tend to invade veins? | renal and hepatocellular |
What percentage of North American adults die from cancer every year? | 25 percent |
what is the 2nd leading cause of death? | cancer |
What are risk factors for cancer? | age, family history, acquired pre-neoplastic disorders, geography and environment |
Above what age do most cancers occur? | 55 years and above |
What is the leading cause of death in children under age 15? | cancer |
How does family history affect cancer risk? | reflects inheritance of cancer susceptibility genes |
Created by:
ges13
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