Vocab for Chapter 8 Word Scramble
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TERM | DEFINITION |
LEARNING | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the UCS. Also called Pavlovian conditioning. |
BEHAVIORISM | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response. |
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS). |
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
ACQUISITION | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengtehing of a reinforced response. |
EXTINCTION | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY | The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
GENERALIZATION | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
DISCRIMINATION | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
OPERANT CONDITIONING | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminshed if followed by a punisher. |
RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. |
OPERANT BEHAVIOR | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
LAW OF EFFECT | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
OPERANT CHAMBER (SKINNER BOX) | A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. |
SHAPING | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. |
REINFORCER | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
PRIMARY REINFORCER | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
CONDITIONED REINFORCER | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. |
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
PUNISHMENT | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
COGNITIVE MAP | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
LATENT LEARNING | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see this reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. |
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective. |
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING | Learning by observing others. |
MODELING | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
MIRROR NEURONS | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. |
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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