| Question |
Answer |
| Ventilation | The process of moving air in & out of the lungs. |
| Respiration | The process of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)across a membrane into or out of the blood stream. |
| The Thoracic Cage | Is where the major structures of the pulmonary system are contained & is both rigid (to protect organs)& flexible (to allow for expansion & retraction w/ inspiration & expiration. |
| Which ribs are called the "floating ribs" | 11th & 12th |
| The connection of the 2nd rib to the sternum is the landmark known as | The angle of Louis |
| Which ribs are connected directly to the sternum | Ribs 1-7 |
| Ribs 8-10 | connect to ribs 1-7 via cartilage |
| Major organ components of the Pulmonary system are the | 2 lungs |
| The mediastinum (space between the lungs) contains | the heart, the great vessels, the esophagus, and the lymphatics |
| Components of the lung | Right lung has RUL, RML, RLL Left lung has LUL, middle area called lingual, LLL |
| Fissures | separations between lobes |
| Visceral Pleura | outside surface of the lungs |
| Parietal Pleura | Inner surface of the chest wall & mediastinum |
| Intrapleural Pressure is created by the | attraction of the 2 pleural surfaces, is subatmospheric (less than). |
| Intrapleural Pressure becomes more negative as you | breathe in. It is the negative pressure that causes air to rush in & inflate the lungs. |
| Why is it important to maintain negative pressure in the intrapleural space | to keep the lung from collapsing |
| Muscles of inspiration increase or decrease the thoracic cage | increase the thoracic cage |
| Muscles of expiration increase or decrease | decrease the thoracic cage |
| The primary muscle of inspiration is the | diaphragm (it does 80% of the work) |
| Spinal injury at which level affects ventilatory function | C3-C5 |
| The process of expiration during normal breathing is passive or active | passive |
| Expiration that is active involves which muscles | accessory muscles, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, chest/back muscles |
| Pulmonary airways are divided into to two airways they are | conducting (upper) airway & respiratory (lower) airway |
| Conducting airways (trachea, nasal & oral cavities, pharynx, larynx) | provide warmth & humidity, protect the gas exchange airways from foreign material,& acts as a passageway for air to reach the gas exchange areas of the lungs |
| C shaped rings on the trachea/bronchus | prevent the trachea from collapsing, especially during bronchoconstrictions or a strong cough |
| Respiratory airway consist of | bronchioles, aveoli also known as the "acinar units" or "terminal respiratory units" |
| The respiratory bronchioles provide a pathway for | air conduction & contain pouches of alveoli where gas exchange occurs |
| Alveolar Epithelial cells type II | move in to help line the interior surface of the alveolus whenever type I cells are injured, they also produce, secrete & store pulmonary surfactant |
| Surfactant helps | lower the surface tension of the alveoli, preventing them form collapsing when you exhale |
| Alveolar macrophages function as | part of the defense mechanism of the lung, kill microbes & eliminate phagocytosis, can move from alveoli to alveoli through the pors of Kohn |
| Which is the 1st & 2nd vascular bed | 1st pulmonary(formed around the alveoli allows circulating blood to participate in gas exchange), Bronchial is the 2nd (systemic blood supply for the tracheobronchial tree & other pulmonary structures) |
| Lymphatic system | Is apart of the immune system, removing debris & large particles from the lungs, producing antibodies, & contributing to the cell-mediated immune response, helps remove fluid from lungs & keeps alveoli clear |
| The process of ventilation occurs because | a gradient exists between the atmospheric pressure & intrapulmonary pressures |
| Mechanism for regulating ventilation is coordinated by 3 mechanisms | CNS, thoracic musculature, variety sensors (central & peripheral chemoreceptors) |
| CNS regulates ventilation by | various areas of the CNS, brainstem, cerebral cortex & neurons |
| Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by | responding to changes in the chemical composition of blood &/or fluid |
| 2 types of Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation | central: in the medulla of the brain, responds to hydrogen ion concentration in the ECFperipheral: found in the aortic arch in the common carotid arteries, increase ventilation in direct response to arterial O2 concentration |
| Lung Capaciy measurements are the sum of | 2 or more lung volumes |
| Functional residual capacity is the sum of | expiratory reserveresidual volumes |
| Inspiratory capacity is the sum of | tidal volumeinspiratory reserve volume |
| Vital capacity is the sum of | tidal volumeinspiratory reserveexpiratory reserve volumes |
| Perfusion alveolar ventilation & pulmonary capillary perfusion occurs @ a rate of | 4l/min & 5l/min (ventilation & perfusion ratio of 4:5) |
| Dead space areas in the lung | are ventilated but no gas exchange takes place |
| intrapulmonary shunting | when some alveoli are not able to ventilate & there is no opportunity for gas exchange but blood is still perfusing the area |
| low ventilation perfusion | when adequate blood flow & underventilated alveoli |
| External respiration is gas exchange occurring at the | alveolar-capillary membrane |
| Internal respiration gas exchange occurring at the | capillary & cell |
| External & Internal respiration are primarily accomplished by | diffusion |
| Oxygen is carried in the blood in 2 ways | dissolved in plasmaattached to hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin represents | O2 carrying capacity |
| PaO2 is the | dissolved O2 |
| hypoxemia is the | decrease in measured O2 in the blood |
| Most common cause of hypoxemia | ventilation/perfusion defect resulting from hypoventilation |
| Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve | represents the relationship between the PaO2 & the saturation of hemoglobin with O2 |
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