The process of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)across a membrane into or out of the blood stream.
The Thoracic Cage
Is where the major structures of the pulmonary system are contained & is both rigid (to protect organs)& flexible (to allow for expansion & retraction w/ inspiration & expiration.
Which ribs are called the "floating ribs"
11th & 12th
The connection of the 2nd rib to the sternum is the landmark known as
The angle of Louis
Which ribs are connected directly to the sternum
Ribs 1-7
Ribs 8-10
connect to ribs 1-7 via cartilage
Major organ components of the Pulmonary system are the
2 lungs
The mediastinum (space between the lungs) contains
the heart, the great vessels, the esophagus, and the lymphatics
Components of the lung
Right lung has RUL, RML, RLL Left lung has LUL, middle area called lingual, LLL
Fissures
separations between lobes
Visceral Pleura
outside surface of the lungs
Parietal Pleura
Inner surface of the chest wall & mediastinum
Intrapleural Pressure is created by the
attraction of the 2 pleural surfaces, is subatmospheric (less than).
Intrapleural Pressure becomes more negative as you
breathe in. It is the negative pressure that causes air to rush in & inflate the lungs.
Why is it important to maintain negative pressure in the intrapleural space
to keep the lung from collapsing
Muscles of inspiration increase or decrease the thoracic cage
increase the thoracic cage
Muscles of expiration increase or decrease
decrease the thoracic cage
The primary muscle of inspiration is the
diaphragm (it does 80% of the work)
Spinal injury at which level affects ventilatory function
C3-C5
The process of expiration during normal breathing is passive or active
provide warmth & humidity, protect the gas exchange airways from foreign material,& acts as a passageway for air to reach the gas exchange areas of the lungs
C shaped rings on the trachea/bronchus
prevent the trachea from collapsing, especially during bronchoconstrictions or a strong cough
Respiratory airway consist of
bronchioles, aveoli also known as the "acinar units" or "terminal respiratory units"
The respiratory bronchioles provide a pathway for
air conduction & contain pouches of alveoli where gas exchange occurs
Alveolar Epithelial cells type II
move in to help line the interior surface of the alveolus whenever type I cells are injured, they also produce, secrete & store pulmonary surfactant
Surfactant helps
lower the surface tension of the alveoli, preventing them form collapsing when you exhale
Alveolar macrophages function as
part of the defense mechanism of the lung, kill microbes & eliminate phagocytosis, can move from alveoli to alveoli through the pors of Kohn
Which is the 1st & 2nd vascular bed
1st pulmonary(formed around the alveoli allows circulating blood to participate in gas exchange), Bronchial is the 2nd (systemic blood supply for the tracheobronchial tree & other pulmonary structures)
Lymphatic system
Is apart of the immune system, removing debris & large particles from the lungs, producing antibodies, & contributing to the cell-mediated immune response, helps remove fluid from lungs & keeps alveoli clear
The process of ventilation occurs because
a gradient exists between the atmospheric pressure & intrapulmonary pressures
Mechanism for regulating ventilation is coordinated by 3 mechanisms
various areas of the CNS, brainstem, cerebral cortex & neurons
Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by
responding to changes in the chemical composition of blood &/or fluid
2 types of Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation
central: in the medulla of the brain, responds to hydrogen ion concentration in the ECFperipheral: found in the aortic arch in the common carotid arteries, increase ventilation in direct response to arterial O2 concentration
Cardio Block2anatomy
