| Question |
Answer |
| Introduced "Objective Reality" | Thales |
| First to picture an infinite universe | Anaximander |
| Originated the 7-day week and the roots of the 24-hour day and 60 minute hour | Summerians |
| Perpetuated the calendar choices of the Sumerians, developed algebra | Babylonians |
| Used a 10-day week. Developed geometry | Egyptians |
| Atomic Theory and the Vacuum | Democritus and Leucipus |
| Separated science and philosophy | The Pythagoreans |
| Suggested the Earth rotated on its axis, and possibly was not the center of the universe | The Pythagoreans |
| One of the Athenian Philosophers | Socretes |
| deepest thinker of the Athenian philosophers. founded the first "University" - Empirical Philosophy | Plato |
| Founded the current scientific disciplines - founded his own university. big contributions in biology. Argued the Earth was a sphere. Argued against a heliocentric theory because of the lack of an observable stellar parallax. Also an Athenian Philosopher | Aristotle |
| A contemporary of Plato and Aristotle. Early developments of Mechanics in physics | Eudoxus |
| First serious proponent of the Heliocentric theory | Aristarchus |
| The greatest observational astronomer in antiquity. Developed the Stellar Magnitude scale. Produced a star catalog. Measured the distances to the sun and moon. discovered the 26000 year precession of the Earth's axis of rotation. Argued against the helioc | Hipparchus |
| Passed down to us much of what we know about the earlier contributions. Set down the principals of celestial navigation and Astrology | Ptolemy |
| Re-introduced the Heliocentric theory. Described the Solar System with the correct Sidereal periods | Copernicus |
| Compiled large volumes of observational data | Tycho |
| Used Tycho's data to discern his 3 laws of planetary motion. | Kepler |
| The father of modern science. Used telescope to discover the 4 brightest moons of Jupiter, the crescent phases of Venus, stars too dim to be seen with the naked eye | Galileo |
| Discovered the Law of Inertia and introduced the scientific method | Galileo |
| The father of modern physics | Newton |
| Three laws of motion:
*The law of inertia (An object in motion...)
*F = ma
*Conservation of Momentum - mv (Action - Reaction) | Newton |
| The Law of Universal Gravitation - F = G m1m2/r^2 | Newton |
| General form of Kepler's 3rd law (M1 + M2)p^2 = a^3 | Newton |
| The reflecting telescope and the spectrum of light | Newton |
| Electric charges (q/r^2) and changing magnetic fields (delta B / delta t) | Electric Field Sources |
| Causes a force in the direction of the field on all charges | Electric Field Effects |
| Moving charges (Right-Hand-Rule) and changing electric fields | Magnetic Field Sources |
| Causes a force on moving charges (qvB) perpendicular to the field and the direction of motion of the charge (Right-Hand-Rule) | Magnetic Field Effects |
| Light is composed of | Electromagnetic Waves |
| Accelerating charges create | Electromagnetic Waves |
| nucleus with negatively charged electrons orbiting around them | atoms |
| positively charged protons and neutral neutrons | Nuclei |
| number of protons | atomic number |
| determines the chemical element properties | atomic number |
| total number of neutrons and protons | atomic weight |
| number of neutrons determins the | isotope |
| when atoms gain or lose electrons | ions |
| same number of electrons as protons | neutral atoms |
| losing electrons | ionized |
| when electrons drop from a higher level to a vacancy in a lower level they emit | photons |
| quanta of light. they have momentum and energy given by their frequency times Planck's Constant. they also behave like waves | photons |
| Spectra - when all wavelengths are present | continuous |
| when hot solid objects or high pressure gasses radiate | Black Body Radiation |
| Spectra - when light is present at all wavelengths EXCEPT at certain wavelengths | absorption |
| when light passes through a diffuse gas and certain wavelengths are absorbed out of the light that continues on | absorption |
| when light is present ONLY at certain wavelengths | emission |
| when light passes through a diffuse gas and is absorbed, raising electrons to higher levels, when those electrons drop back down they emit light | emission |
| due to fundamental quantum effects | natural width |
| due to doppler shift from the motion of the emitting molecules at any temperature above absolute zero | thermal broadening |
| due to frequent collisions of the emitting atoms in a high pressure gas | collisional broadening |
| due to the splitting of levels in strong magnetic fields | zeeman effect |
| due to emission from a rapidly rotating star where the doppler shifts mix from emissions on different sides of the star | rotational broadening |
| the positioins of the lines are a characteristic function of the individual emitting elements. this allow identification of the relative composition of the source | spectral line positions |
| these characteristic positions are shifted by the doppler effect when the entire source is moving with respect to the observers on the earth | spectral line positions |
| a difference of 5 magnitudes means a factor of <blank> in brightness | 100, (2.5)^difference in magnitude |
| the smaller the algebraic value of the magnitude the <blank> the source | brighter |
| <blank> magnitudes are the magnitude a star would have if it were at a distance of 10 parasecs | absolute |
| <blank> magnitude is the magnitude that an object appears to have | apparent |
| if you know both the apparent and absolute magnitudes, you can calculate the <blank> | distance |
| the relative brightness of stars is a function of | temperature, surface area and distance |
| the surface brightness varies as T^4 | temperature |
| the total luminosity is proportional to R^2 | surface area |
| apparent brightness is proportional to 1/d^2 | distance |
| the spectral type classification scheme is a surface <blank> classification for stars | temperature |
| O B A F G K M | Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me
<==hot -- cold==> |
| within each letter class there are sub-classes numbered 0-9 from | hotter to cooler |
| from kepler's and newton's laws, the masses of each star in a binary system can be determined | (M1+M2)p^2 = (r1+r2)^3 and M1/M2 = r2/r1
need to determine p, r1 and r2 to find M1 and M2 |
| not a true binary but an optical double | optical |
| a true binary where both stars are clearly seen | visual |
| only one star is seen, but moves in an oscillatory way | astrometric |
| when viewed edge on-the spectral lines are alternately doppler shifted as the stars orbit one another | spectroscopic |
| the light shows two incompatible spectra | spectrum |
| the intensity of the light dims as the stars eclipse. these are usually also spectroscopic binaries as well | eclipsing |
| the bayer catalog divided the sky into <blank> constellations and named the stars with respect to the constellation they are in | 88 |
| named by constellation but with latin letters starting with R-Z, RR-ZZ, AA-QQ | variable stars |
BIOL3326 Forms
