8th Science Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Minerals | Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure |
Mineralogy | The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals |
Native elements | Substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements |
Halides | The smallest group of minerals |
Sulfides and sulfates | Minerals that contain the element sulfur |
Oxides | Minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal |
Minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen | Carbonates |
Contain the element phosphorus and bonded to four oxygen elements | Phosphates |
Silicates | The largest group of minerals |
Crystals | Geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules and have an orderly arrangement |
A soft, slippery substance | Graphite |
Diamond | The hardest naturally occurring substance known |
Name seven characteristics that cam be used to identify minerals. | 1. Color 2. Luster 3. Crystal shape 4. Hardness 5. Specific Gravity 6. Streak color 7. Acid test |
Streak plate | A piece of unglazed porcelain that you rub a rock on |
Luster | The way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral |
Streak | The line of powder left on a streak plate |
Hardness | The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched |
Mohs scale | Rates the hardness of a mineral |
Brinell hardness test | Strikes a ball to a mineral to test its hardness |
Cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces producing fragments with the same shape as the parent mineral |
Conchoidal | Shell-like |
Specific gravity | A number that compares and object's density to the density of water |
Fluorescent minerals | Glows particular colors when exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room |
Phosphorescent minerals | Continue to glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light and the placed in the dark |
Mining | The process of extraction from the earth |
Metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and platinum are some of the earth's ___ ___ minerals mined from the earth. | most important |
Any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element is what? | An ore |
Metallurgy | The science of extracting metals from the earth and preparing them for use |
Aluminum | The most abundant mineral in the earth's crust; refined by bauxite |
What are the three steps to metallurgy? | 1. Extraction 2. Refinement 3. Spaping |
Refinement | The removal of impurities by heat, chemical action, or a combination of the two, until a desired level of purify has been obtained |
Bayer process | In which bauxite is heated in a high- pressure container with lye is used to from alumina |
Hal Heroult process | In this process the alumina is dissolved in the mineral cryolite and electricity is used to remove aluminum metal |
Iron | The second most common mineral in the earth's crust |
Blast furnace | The one primary method of refining iron |
Coke | An impure form of carbon derived from coal |
Steel | An alloy of iron and carbon |
Alloy | metal mixture |
Stainless steal | an alloy of iron carbon and nickel |
Copper | A reddish-orange metal used to coat pennies |
Lead | Is used for radiation shielding and automobile batteries and small arms ammunition |
Used in stainless steel, electrical heating elements, magnets | Nickel |
Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion | Tin |
Used also to prevent corrosion and make coins | Zinc |
Precious metals | Valued for their durability rarity and buety |
Gold | A precious metal |
Bullion | Bars (such as gold bars) |
Silver | Precious metal used to make jewelry tableware and other items |
Platinum | In recent years has become more valuable than gold on account of it's many uses |
Precious stones | The rarest most durable and most beautiful minerals prized for their hardness color and "fire” |
"Fire" | The dazzling way in which precious stones reflect light |
Only ___ ___ ___ ___ can scratch a diamond. | another crystal of diamond |
Diamond pipes | narrow vertical underground deposits that resemble the vents of extinct bolcanoes |
A diamond's worth is based on what four properties (known as the four C's)? | 1. Carat weight 2. Clarity 3. Color 4. Cut |
Carat weight | Measures a diamonds weight in metric carats |
Clarity | Depends on the presence of imperfections |
Ruby | The red variety of corumdum |
Ruby's that have a brilliant star like pattern when light is shone through them | Star ruby |
Blue corundum | Sapphire |
Beryl | it's clear form is valued both as a gemstone and as the source of the metal beryllium |
Corundum | is not usually valuable unless it is red or blue |
Emerald | Green beryl |
Blue-green beryl with traces of oxide | Aquamarine |
Semiprecious stones | Gems that are not as rare durable or esteemed as precious stones |
Amethyst | A form of quartz |
Red spinel | The "Black Princes Ruby" |
Tourmaline and Chalcedony | multicolored |
Opal | Iridescent |
Garnet | January's birthstone |
Turquoise | blue- green |
Jade | Green |
Topaz | November's birthstone |
Lab created gemstones | visually identical to natural gemstones |
Stimulant (or imitation) gemstones | Look like a natural gemstone but have different chemical and physical properties |
Synthetic gemsones | Identical to natural gemstones in appearance and chemical content |
Overgrowth | The process of a large crystal growing on and around a small crystal |
Flame Fusion Procees | Forms crystal rotating a seed crystal to encourage uniform formation |
Pulled method | Forms crystals by slowly withdrawing a seed crystal from ingredient powders melted in a container |
Hydreothermal process | Used to produce emeralds and non-gemstone minerals |
Rock | The hard material that makes up the earth's crust |
Petrology | The branch of geology that deals with the origin composition and structure of rocks |
Igneous rocks | Form from solidified magma |
Sedimentary rocks | Form from sediments cemented together by water pressure and chemical action |
Metamorphic rocks | Result when igneous or sedimentary rocks are "cooked" by intense heat and preassure |
Intrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma cools and hardens while still underground |
Extruded | forced |
Extrusive rock (volcanic rock) | Is made when magma reaches the surface and is extruded out of the earth as lava that cools and hardens |
Texture | The look and feel of the materials of which they are composed |
The chief condition affecting an igneous rock's texture is ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. | the rate at which the magma cools |
Granite | A common igneous rock that is coarse grained |
Gabbro | Another coarse grained rock |
Rhyolite | Has a finer texture than granite |
The most common igneous rock is the fine grained extrusive rock ___. | basalt |
Porphyritic rocks | Formed when magma cools slowly and then quickly, which gives the rocks a mixed texture |
Amorphous | Rocks made of magma that cools rapidly, letting no crystals form |
Obsidian | amorphous igneous rock "volcanic glass" |
Pumice | Porous rock that often can float on water |
Soria | "volcanic cinders" forms in the same fashion as pumice but has larger pores and a dark color |
Concretions | hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystallize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment |
Sedimentary rocks are referred to as ___ ___ because of their arrangement into layers. | stratified rcoks |
Stratum | or bed; a horizontal rock layer that has a different type of rock layer above it |
Law of superposition | States that any undisturbed strata lie in the order they were laid down |
Mechanical sediments | The sand clay or rock fragments that are transported by physical means and deposited in a thick layer elsewhere |
Clastic sedimentary rock | Deposits of mechanical sediments that may be "glued" together by pressure or chemical action to form this type of sedimentary rock |
What is the most abundant sedimentary rock? | Shale |
Sandstone | Consists of grains of sand cemented together into rock |
Conglomerate rock | Rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay |
Concrete | A man made conglomerate rock consisting of sand and gravel held together by cement |
Breccia | A rock that contains rough angular fragments instead of smooth pebbles |
Precipitate | to crystalize |
Chemical sedimentary rocks | Rocks formed by chemical sediments |
Forms when water seeps through rocks, causing minerals from the rocks to dissolve in the water and the precipitate and settle out of the solutions | Chemical sediments |
Limestone | chemical sedimentary rock; at leas 50% of it consists of calcium carbonate |
Chalk | A type of limestone |
Evaporrites | Sediments that result from the evaporation of water |
Salt domes | Halite deposits that occur in deep, underground structures |
Organic Sediments | Remains of once living plants and animals |
Organic sedimentary rocks | The rocks organic sediments compose |
Coal | A useful substance considered an organic sediment |
Fossil fuel | Coal is called this because it is used for fuel and is derived from the remains of living things |
Anthracite coal | the highest quality coal |
Bitumen coal | The most common and widely used form of coal |
Coal seams | Layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rock such as sandstone or shale |
Overburden | the upper layers of the ground |
Underground mining | Where miners must dig down into the veins of coal |
Surface mining | Removes coal from the surface of the earth |
Longwall mining | Uses a rotating drum that travels down a track while grinding coal from the coal seam |
Continuous mining | Uses a continuous miner to mine |
Continuous miner | A machine with a large rotating steel drum with teeth that remove coal from the coal vein |
Retreat mining | Where miners start t the back of a large coal room and room coal pillars as they work toward the entrance of the room |
Metamorphism | This term is used to describe the change of rock into a new type of rock |
Contact metamorphism | Results when rocks are "baked" by contact with hot magma |
Regional metamorphism | when a combination of heat and pressure caused by stress or movements causing rocks to change |
Foliated rocks | Rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book |
Slate | Produced from shale |
Nonfoliated rocks | Metamorphic rocks that cannot be split into thin layers and other foliated rocks |
Marble | Formed by limestone |
Geologic map | Illustrate the location and structure of the earth's materials through various symbols lines and colors |
Great job! | :) |
Created by:
nelsonclan
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