| Question |
Answer |
| Chemical | The simplest/smallest level of organization |
| Molecule | Made up of atoms, the smallest unit of matter |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms form a molecule |
| Molecules | Combine to form substances like proteins, carbohydrates & fats |
| Cellular | Involving the cells of an organism |
| Cell | a self sufficient component of life |
| Cell | the building blocks of all living things |
| Organelle | “little organ” that performs various functions within each cell |
| Tissue | Groups of cells that form different structures |
| Epithelial | skin |
| Connective | most abundant, fascia |
| Muscle | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| Nervous | nerves & brain |
| Organ | Groups of tissue With a special function |
| Organ System | groups of organs with a specific role in the body |
| Organism | a total living form; one individual |
| Community | a group of individual organisms living in one geographic location |
| Inorganic Substance | small simple compounds |
| Inorganic Substance | required for water transport and cellular activities |
| Organic Substance | Large complex compounds containing carbon. |
| Organic Substance | Building blocks of body structures |
| Organic Substance | serve as cellular fuel for energy used for body functions. Organic Substance |
| Cytoplasm | Cytosol (intercellular fluid) |
| Cytoplasm | contains ions, nutrients, waste products, |
| Cytoplasm | fluid surrounding soluble and insoluble (cytoskeletal) proteins. |
| Matrix | the substance between cells/tissues |
| Matrix | made up of ground substance and fibers. |
| Matrix | Provides support for cellular growth and function. |
| Water | most abundant substance in cells |
| Plasma membrane | The thin delicate membrane that surrounds every cell. |
| Phospholipid bilayer | composed of two layers of phospholipids |
| Phospholipid bilayer | hydrophobic tails facing inwards |
| Phospholipid bilayer | hydrophilic heads facing outward. |
| Phospholipid bilayer | attracts water and materials from the outside of the cell |
| Phospholipid bilayer | resists allowing internal fluid from leaving the cell. |
| Nucleus | Houses the cell’s genetic material |
| Nucleic acids | these are DNA and RNA |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the primary structure is the double helix |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
| Nucleotides | DNA and RNA are composed of small acid units |
| DNA replication | the process of replication results in two strands of DNA |
| Mitochondria | major site of cellular energy production |
| Mitochondria | i.e. synthesis of ATP |
| Mitochondria | It contains many internal folds called aristae. “The Power Plant” |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | is the primary source of energy for cells |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | releases energy through catabolism. |
| Catabolism | breaking down complex substances into simpler substances |
| Smooth ER | lipid synthesis and detoxification of toxins and drugs, storage |
| Rough ER | protein synthesis, transportation of proteins and storage |
| Golgi Apparatus | processing, packaging and storage of materials |
| Lysosomes (and Peroxisomes) | contain digestive enzymes |
| Lysosomes (and Peroxisomes) | break down cell wastes and toxins. |
| Phagocytosis | is performed to “eat” bacteria and waste products |
| Cytoskeleton | provides structure, support and assists with internal movement |
| Microfilaments | slender strands consisting of chains of actin molecules |
| actin | is a protein |
| Microfilaments | that provide structural support and mobility |
| Microfilaments | influences the cell shape |
| Microtubules | Provide structure (rigidity) |
| Microtubules | Involved in movement of organelles ‘railroad tracks’ |
| Microtubules | Involved in mitosis |
| Centrioles | growth center for microtubules |
| Centrioles | involved in cell division (mitosis) |
| Ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis, located on ER |
| Cilia and Flagella | Microtubules containing extensions of the plasma membrane |
| Cilia and Flagella | involved in cellular mobility (cell motion) |
| Cilia and Flagella | movement of fluids along cell surfaces |
| Cilia and Flagella | sensitive to environment |
| Metabolism | transformation, production or consumption of energy. |
| Anabolism | simple substances combine to form bigger/complex substances |
| Diffusion | random movement of molecules across the lipid bilayer |
| Diffusion | high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a membrane from high to low |
| Phagocytosis | when a cell actively engulfs a foreign body |
| Phagocytosis | The cell “eats” the foreign body |
| Phagocytosis | usually seen with white blood cells |
| Active Transport | works against the concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | brings in necessary nutrients w/o releasing internal fluid. |
| Mitosis | cellular division and replication process called |
| Mitosis | is the exact duplication of one cell into multiple cells |
| Mitosis | is replication of the same cell to form specific tissues/structures. |
| Interphase | All 23 pairs of chromosomes duplicate inside of the nucleus |
| Prophase | the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear |
| Prophase | Long thread like bodies of chromatin become evident |
| Chromatin | random pieces of DNA that are present in the nucleus |
| Prophase | chromatin does not condense into chromosomes until this stage |
| Metaphase | alignment of chromosomes along the center line of the cell |
| Metaphase | threads from the spindle apparatus take hold of the chromosomes |
| Anaphase | separation of each chromosome into “sister chromatids.” |
| Anaphase | chromatids are pulled to the opposite side or poles of the cell. |
| Telophase | actual cellular division (separation) of the cell |
| cytokinesis | cleavage process known as |
| Tissue | Groups of closely associated cells that perform a specified function |
| Epithelial | Protects the body by covering/lining of all body cavities/surfaces. Epithelial Tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue Types | simple, stratified, pseudostatified or squamous. |
| Connective | Joins together other tissues through a matrix or framework |
| Connective Tissue | supports and protects the body |
| Connective tissue | is the most common type of tissue in the body. |
| Connective Tissue types | Collagen, bone, elastic fibers, adipose, blood, lymph |
| Muscle Tissue | specialized cells that are able to contract on impulse. |
| Muscle Tissue | Can be voluntary or involuntary |
| Muscle cells | called fibers because of their long slender shape |
| Muscle Fiber types | striated skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. |
| Nerve cells (neurons) | specialized to send and receive neural impulses |
| Nerve tissue | is made up of nerve cells and Glial cells. |
| Fibroblasts | cells that produce the fibers of connective tissue |
| Osteoblasts | cells that produce bone |
| Chondroblasts | cells that produce collagen |
| Macrophages | cells that move through connective tissue and "eat" debris |
| Cancer | the growth of malignant cells into tumors |
| Cancer | There are over 100 different types of cancer causes and types. |
| Cancer | is recorded to kill an average of 5550,000 people in the US yearly. |
| This mutated DNA is called a(n) | Oncogene |
| The study of cancer is | Oncology |
| Initiation | the DNA of the cell mutates & influences the cells to grow rapidly |
| Promotion | the mutated cells begin to proliferate or rapidly grow and flourish. |
| Progression | the mutated cells have not become malignant |
| Metastasis | the spreading of the cancerous cells to remote areas |
| Carcinogens | a chemical or other environmental agent that produces cancer |
| Carcinogens | hydrocarbons, UV light, excessive x-rays, asbestos, benzene |
| Viruses | several types of viruses have been linked to various types of cancer. A virus |
| Genetics | people may have a genetic predisposition towards getting cancer. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cancer is often painless until it is too late |
| Signs and Symptoms | Look for a change in bowel or bladder habits |
| Signs and Symptoms | A sore that does not heal |
| Signs and Symptoms | Unusual bleeding or drainage |
| Signs and Symptoms | Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere |
| Signs and Symptoms | Indigestion or swallowing difficulty |
| Signs and Symptoms | A change in a wart or mole |
| Signs and Symptoms | Persistent cough or hoarseness |
| Chemotherapy | targets fast growing cells, cancerous tumors/skin/stomach/blood |
| Radiation | high-energy rays are focused on tumors to kill or slow them down. |
| Surgery | full excision of the tumor. |
| Hormones | Suppression of hormones that cause the growth of tumors. |
| Hypothermia | cryotherapy used to “freeze” the tumor off the skin. |
| Anti-blood vessel growing drugs | limits the size of the tumor. |
| Massage | indicated with the supervision, direction and approval of the pcp |
Science Vocab 147928
