Lec 5 homeo uic Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
carbon likes to form bonds with other | carbons to creat 8 in outer shell |
water is critical to life | all orgs are 70-90% water. water has unique props props stem from structure of molecule plants use water as a force for biochemical rxns use its force to grow- to push cells out |
water two important bonding structures | polar covalent bond around O hydrogen bond- |
hydrogen bond | slightly positive h of one water molecule is attracted to the O of another which is - |
porps of water making life possible | good solvent cohesion and adhesion high surface tension high heat capacity high heat of vaporization varing density |
high heat capacity | many H bonds ling water molecules and allow water to absorb heat with out greatly changing its temp -temp rises and falls slowly |
high heat of vaporization | takes alot of E to break H bonds for evaporation -heat is dispelled as water evaporates |
freezing poiont depression | low freezing pt |
water tends to stay at pretty ____distances from eachother | equal |
vacuole in a plant | is a large space bc its packed with H20 |
plant | root, shoot, leaves |
vegitative stage | growing stage of plants |
reproductive stage | E used to make flowers |
water potential | ability to do work |
fork w= | fork solute + fork pressure |
fork = | potential |
fork water | always wants to be equal |
!!!!! | water wants to go where forkS(solute) is negative |
water potential used in plants | to drive substances up and down plant |
alot of materials can stay in plant | vacuole |
phloem | pressure driven flow |
apoplastic loading | loading occurs at end of mesophyl cells, goes through cell wall (can go in btw cell) ( moves in cell walls) |
symplastic cell | entire transport is through membrane, has to go through cell( moves within cell cytoplasm) |
temperature doesnt affect | plants as much as humans |
xylem | move water |
pits | areas of cell wall alcking secondary wall but where primary wall is present |
tracheary water transport | Movement of water btw adjacent tracheids occurs exclusively throuugh pits in cell wall, water movement along vesssels occurs largely through unobstructed perforation plates in end walls |
cavitation | introduction of air bubbles in water column blocking water transport |
if too muc hwater | leaves allow dew through xylem tubes ( morning dew) |
hairs and wax on leaves and stems | reduce water loss from the above-ground parts of plants |
somata | permits gas exchange in stem and leaf but loses water |
stomata | guard cells specialized in pairs that open for gas exchange and let out water vapor- open at night -allow co2 in |
water that excapes via stomata forms a layer which | allows more gas to come in and less h20 to go otu |
one cell layer where stomata are | daf |
stomata open/close | inflate when full of water ( turged) so open, when low h20 then shrivel up and close |
open or close | depends on interactions btw hormones and ions --AbA Abscizic Acid tells them when to close or open |
ABA | abscizic Acid tells stomata to open or close, tells when plant is being eaten |
stomatal appature | how big gap is depends on how much water you have, varies on time of day |
stomata open in response to | blue light |
stomata close in response to | ABA |
Why plants need.... | |
Calcium wpn | new leaves misshapen or stunted existing leaves remain green |
wpn Nitrogen | upper leaves light green lower leaves yellow bottom older leaves yellow and shrivelled |
wpn zinc | chlorosis between veins yellowing tips and margins spreading grey-brown spots |
phosphate | leaves darker than normal loss of leaves |
iron | young leaves are yellow/white with green veins mature leaves are normal |
potassium | yellowing tips at edges especially in young leaves dead or yellow patches or spots develop on leaves |
mangenese | yellow spots and or elongated holes between veins |
magnesium | lower leaves turn yellow from edge inwards veins remain green |
macronutrients in plants | nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, magnesium, potassium, calcium |
nicronutrients | zinc, manganese, iron |
magnesium | important up to 2% of weight of plant |
plants pull ions from soil | via cotransporter |
it is easy for plants to import | cations |
it is difficult to import | anions |
soil | breakdown of materials in earths crust |
number of water in soil | is determined by size and shape of soil |
soil organisms | excrete substances that are critical to keep soil associated w eachother makes a kind of glue |
fungi | alot of soil fungi grows btw plant cells to get carbon and gives plant minerals in turn- symbiosis |
fungi hyphi | hold soil together |
roots excret____ and ____ to make shield to get minerals in plant | sugars and liquids |
soil particles can be attracted to eachother bc of | static attractions |
things that help hold soil together | and allows plant to take hold here |
ellectrochemical gradients | assist in getting minerals in |
unions | plants have alot of proton atpases and -100 to -150 mV plant cells |
tonoplasts | membrane around vacuole + membrane potential |
nitrogen | plants can take up small and large quantities usually receptors are very specific in molar range |
casperian strips | alot of toxic chemicals can just chill there |
types of soil | sand silt clay |
sand | biggest form of broken dwn rock that can be part of soil, not alot of surface area, harder for plants to live in sand |
silt | medium, stuff can grow -30-40 microns |
clay | smallest, need to have enough clayed silt in sand to be livable |
plants cant take in nitrogen easily | so nitrification and nitrocification |
nitrificaiton | nitrites (NO2-) to Nitrates (NO3-) |
nitrocification | Ammonium ( NH4-) to Nitrites ( NO2-) |
Bacteria does | nitrification and nitrocificaiton |
plants take up nitrogen mainly in form of | nitrates |
nitrogenase complex | very complez strucutre that brings up nitrogen in a plant |
Alot of plants take up metals bc they are incorporated into | infastructure of proteins |
elements important in protens | Fe, S, N |
ammonium | transporter for it and can be taken up and stored in vacuole and can be taken to plastid for conversion to glutamine, |
AMT | transporter that takes up Ammonium (NH4-) |
TIP | transporter that takes NH3 into vacuole for storage ( becomes NH4-) in vacuole again |
Nitrate transporter | a symporter of 2 H and a nitrate NO3- |
Proton Pump | actively pumps out H+ to keep down PH in cell bc of symport for nitrate |
Nitrate Reductase | (NR) makes Nitrate Nitrite NO3- to NO2- -in cytoplasm -can go to vacuole for storage or plastid for use |
Nitrite Reductase | in plastid -(NiR) -Makes Nitrite into NH4- (Ammonium) |
GS-GOGAT | 2 enzymes cooperate, Glutamine Synthas and GOGAT, -quickly change Ammonium to glutamine |
glutamine | -huge currency, source molecule for many nitrogenous containing compounds in plant |
glutamine can be made in cytosol too and stored in plastid | |
symplastic transport | going into cells -in soil nitrate not readily available-> plants depend on nutrients form bacteria |
membrane depolarization bc of nitrate | 250mic micM to 10 mM, depolarizes from -206mV to -118mV |
so many places where nitrogen processing occurs and many protiens involved | |
atp required for alot of physporylation | |
phosphoruss | one of most abundant things on earth, most of it useless to plants |
key ways of getting phosphorus | one of key ways plants get phosphate is animals either secret it or die-or other plants -mainly organic |
inorganic phosphate | takes millions of years of sedimentation formation of phosphate rock for plants to be able to take it up |
import of phosphate | against ecg -one H has to bind and hten a phosphate group binds for conformational change for phosphate in symport PHT1 transporter |
Fungi and Phosphate | fungi can take it in and incorporate it w other elements and secret it to root |
Most transporters geared toward | phosphates |
carboxylates | acids secreted by plants -acidify soil particles- inorganic P is released and taken up by PHT1 |
why do we need phosphate | phospholipid bylayer, transpor proteins, etc |
sulfur |
Created by:
ddrag
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