The Gastrointestinal System Chapter 16
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| The gastrointestinal system(GI) is AKA | the digestive system
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| The GastroIntestinal(GI) system prepares food for use by cells through five basic activities | 1)Ingestion/eating 2)Peristalsis 3)Digestion 4)Absorption 5)Defecation
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| Ingestion involves | taking food into the oral cavity(mouth)
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| Peristalsis is the | wave like action of the GastroIntestinal(GI) system that pushes the food along the digestive tract
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| Borborygmos is the | gurgling sound made by the peristalic movement AKA Bowel Sounds(BS)
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| Digestion is the | breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes
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| Absorption is the | movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body's cells
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| Defecation is the | elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and can not be absorbed
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| the journey of food through the GastroIntestinal(GI) system takes an average of | 12 hours
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| The GastroIntestinal(GI)tract is AKA | alimentary canal
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| The GastroIntestinal(GI) tract is a long continuous tube that runs from the | oral cavity to the anus
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| The length of the GastroIntestinal(GI) tract is approximately | 30 feet
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| Digestion begins in the | oral cavity(mouth)
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| Mechanical digestion involves | mastication(chewing)
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| The tongue, labiae(lips) and buccae(cheeks) keep the food | between the superior and inferior dentes(teeth)
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| Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are | 20 temporary or deciduous teeth
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| By age 13 there are | 32 permanent teeth
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| The 8 anterior(front)teeth(4 on top/4 on bottom) are called | incisors/they cut food
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| The next 4 teeth(2 on top-superior/2 on bottom-inferior) are called | canine or cuspids
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| Canine(cuspids) are used to | tear food
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| the next 8 teeth(4-top/4-bottom) are called | premolars(bicuspids)
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| the next 12 teeth are called | molars(tricuspids)
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| The bicuspids and tricuspids are used to | grind food
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| Each tooth is divided into 3 parts called | 1) the crown 2) the cervix(neck) 3) the root
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| The crown is the portion above the | gingivae(plural--(gums)
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| The crown is covered by the hardest substance in the body called | enamel
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| The cervix(neck) of the tooth is the | connection between the crown & root
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| The root is | embedded into the sockets located in the maxilla(superior jaw) and mandible(inferior jaw)
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the presence of | saliva
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| Saliva contains an antibacterial enzyme called | lysozyme
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| Saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the | 1) Parotid glands 2) Submandibular glands 3) Sublingual glands(under tongue)
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| The hard palate forms the | anterior(front) part of the roof of the oral cavity(mouth)
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| The soft palate forms the | posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity(mouth)
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| Hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the | uvula
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| The uvula prevents food from entering the | nasal cavity
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| The tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with projections called | papillae(plural-little bumps on your tongue)
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| The tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the | lingual(tongue) frenulum(connection)
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| The anterior(front) two thirds of the tongue is covered with | taste buds
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| The four(4) tastes are | sweet, sour, salty & bitter
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| The pharynx is the | throat
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| The pharynx begins the process of | swallowing(deglutition)
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| The esophagus is the | 10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx(voice box & throat) and the stomach
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| The proximal(beginning) esophagus passes through the | mediastinum
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| The mediastinum is the | space between the lungs
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| The distal(end) esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the | esophageal hiatus(hiatal hernia happens here)
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| The sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the | cardiac sphincter(ring of muscles/opens & closes) lower esophageal sphincter
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| The stomach is located in the | Left Upper Quadrant(LUQ) of the abdomen
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| The stomach is a bag of muscles designed to | churn, squash, and squeeze food into a liquid
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| The liquid food is called | chyme (pronounced kime)
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to | 1)HCl (HydroChLoric acid) 2)Pepsin
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| Pepsin begins the digestion of | protein
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| The stomach is protected from being dissolved by these enzymes due to a | mucus layer
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| In 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum through the | pyloric sphincter(ring of muscles)
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| The duodenum is the | first section of the small intestine(bowel)
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| The second section of the small intestine(bowel) is the | jejunum
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| The third section of the small intestine(bowel) is the | ileum
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| 80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the | small bowel(duodenum)
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| The nutrients absorbed in the small intestine(bowel) include | 1)Simple sugars(glucose) 2)Amino acids(protein) 3)Fatty acids 4)Water 5)Vitamins 6)Minerals
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| The ileum empties into the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | cecum
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| A finger-like projection off of the cecum is called the | (vermiform) appendix
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| The appendix is located in the | Right Lower Quadrant(RLQ) of the abdomen
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| More specifically the appendix is located in the | right inquinal(iliac) region of the abdomen
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| The second section of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | ascending colon
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| The ascending colon turns left at the | hepatic flexure
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| The third section of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | transverse colon
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| The transverse colon curves beneath the lower end of the spleen at the | splenic flexure
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| The most important function of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is to | absorb water
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| Stool(feces) should be a | semisolid
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| Normal stool(feces) should be | brown & formed
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| The fourth section of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | descending colon
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| The fifth section of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | sigmoid colon
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| The sixth section of the large intestine(bowel,colon) is called the | rectum
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| The pancreas is located | posterior(behind) to the stomach(retrogastric)
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| The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will | aid in chemical digestion and neutralize HydroChLoric acid(HCl)
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| Stool(feces) leaves the body through the | anus
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| The act of emptying the rectum is called | defecation(defecate) or Bowel Movement(BM)
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| Pancreatic enzymes include | 1)Amylase 2)Trypsin 3)Chymotripsin
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| Pancreatic enzymes(Amylase,Trypsin,Chymotripsin) are carried from the pancrease to the duodenum through the | pancreatic duct
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| The pancreas also secretes the hormones | insulin & glucagon into the bloodstream
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| Insulin will allow | glucose to enter the cells
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| Glucagon stimulates the liver to | release stored sugar(glycogen) into glucose
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| Insulin & glucagon regulate and control | Blood Sugar(BS) levels
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| Pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of | serum amylase
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| The liver is located in the | Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ) of the abdomen
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| The functions of the liver include | *Production of heparin,prothrombin,&thrombin which are involved in the coagulation(clotting) mechanism *Production of Kupffer's cells which destroy old erythrocytes(bilirubin)&leukocytes(WBCs)*Detoxifies poisons(toxins)ammonia,alcohol(ETOH)& medications
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| The functions of the liver include continued | *Stores excess glucose as glycogen *Stores copper(Cu), iron(Fe), and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E & K *Produces bile
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| Bile is stored & concentrated in the | gall bladder
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| The function of bile is to | emulsify(break up) fats
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| The gall bladder is located | just inferior to the liver
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| Bile is carrid from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the | common bile duct
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| LFTs stands for | Liver Function Tests
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| LFTs(Liver Function Tests) are used to detect | hepatic(liver) diseases
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| LFTs(Liver Function Tests) include(1-12) | *ALKaline PHOSphatase (ALP or Alk.Phos) *ALT aka SGPT *AST aka SGOT *LD aka LDH *Ammonia *ALBumin(Alb) *BILIrubin(bili)or neonatal bilirubin *Hepatitis A Virus(HAV) *Hepatitis B Surface AntiGen(HBsAg)/a test to detect the Hepatitis B Virus(HBV)
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| LFTs)Liver Function Tests) included (1-12) continued | *Hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) is a test to detect recovery or vaccination to the Hepatitis B virus *Hepatitis C Virus(HCV) *A hepatic function panel(profile)
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| A hepatic function panel(profile) consists of | a]Albumin(Alb) b]Bilirubin(billi) c]Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP) d]AST(SGOT) e]ALT(SGPT)
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| Other tests of the GI(GastroIntestinal) system include | *UGI Upper GastroIntestinal AKA barium swallow *Lower GastroIntestinal(GI) AKA Barium Enema(BaE,BE) *EGD EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy *GB(gall bladder) series or GB ultrasound *Colonoscopy *Sigmoidoscopy
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| An UGI (Upper GastroIntestinal) and lower GI are referred to as a | GI series
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| EGD stands for | EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy
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| Colonoscopy refers to the | process of viewing the colon(large intestine, bowel)
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| Sigmoidoscopy refers to the | process of viewing the sigmoid colon
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