Chapter 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| Boyle's Law | When gas is kept as a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional and have a constant product.
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| What type of pressure is associated with Boyle's law? | Atmospheric pressure, intrapulmunoic pressure & intrathoracic pressure
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| Respiratory tract icludes | trachea, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity and organs of respiration (lungs)
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| External respiration | gas exchange between luns and blood
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| Internal respiration | gas exchange between blood and cells.
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| Organs of articulation & resonance | oral, nasal & pharangeal cavities
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| Trachea | connects larynx with bronchi
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| What is the trachea composed of? | 16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage rings
its shape can be altered by the tracheal muscle
inferior end connects to the bronchi
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| Bronchi | tubes that extend from the trachea to the lungs
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| parts of the bronchi | main stem bronchi, secondary bronchi & tertiary bronchi
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| Right bronchus | bigger
3 secondary bronchi
10 tertiary bronchi
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| Left bronchus | 2 secondary bronchi
8 tertiary bronch1
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| Division of tertiary bronchi | bronchioles->terminal bronchioles->alveolar ducts->air sacs
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| alveolar ducts and air sacs | covered in tiny pits
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| Alveoli | pits found in walls of terminal bronchioles
-covered with capillaries which exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide
-at this level become less cartilaganous and more muscular
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| Pleurae | sac like structure that encases each lung
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| Parietal pleura | lined each pleurae
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| Visceral pleura | 2nd layer and is contionous with the parietal pleura
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| How many lobes does the right lung have? | 3 lobes- superior, middle & inferior
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| Negative pressure | the vaccum cause by the parietal and visceral pleura
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| Respiration | breathing for air
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| Primary function of breathing | oxygenation of blood
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| Secondary function of breathing | air from lungs used as a power source for speech (speech breathing)
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| 2 subprocesses during breathing | inhalation or inspiration
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| Inhalation | active process in which muscles are involved
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| Exhalation | passive process, muscles relax
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| 3 passive processes in Exhalation | gravity, unbending of bones/cartilages and elasticity of lung tissue
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| Exhalation (speech breathing) | active process because we have to control the passive process when speaking
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| During the process of inhalation | enlarge the thoracic cavity
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| Superior border of the thoracic cavity | shoulder or pectoral girdle
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| Inferior border of the thoracic cavity | Diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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| Shoulder (pectoral) girdle made up of | shoulder and scapula
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| Anterior border of thoracic cavity | sternum
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| Posterior border of the thoracic cavity | vertebral column
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| Lateral border of thoracic cavity | ribs and costal cartilages
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| Adult vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, a sacrum, 1 coccyx
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| Adolescent vertebral column | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx
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| Vertebral foramen | an arch that encloses a space for the spinal cord
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| Spinous process | prominent projection, directed dorsally and more inferiorly from the neural arch
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| Transverse process | projects laterally from the vertebrae.
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| Articular facets | located on thoracic vertebrae provide attachments for ribs
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| Ribs 1-7 | true ribs directly attach to sternum by costal cartilages
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| Ribs 8-10 | false ribs that attach directly to one long costal cartilage
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| Ribs 11-12 | floating ribs, has no anterior attachments
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| Ribs attach posteriorly | by cosco cental ligament and cosco transverse ligaments
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| At respiratory rest | intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. At the same time intrathoracic pressure is less than both.
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| thoracic muscles used in inhalation | diaphram, external intercostal, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus posterior superior, subclavius & levator costalis
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| neck muscles used in inhalation | sternocleoidomastoid, scalenus anterior, scalenus medial, scalenus posterior
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| back muscles used in inhalation | sacrospinalis & latissmus dorsi
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| thoracic muscles used in exhalation | internal intercostal muscles, serratas posterior inferior, transverse thoracic muscles, subcostals
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| back muscles used in exhalation | iliocostalis dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum
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| abdominal muscles involved in exhalation | rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques
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| Origin | fixed point of attachment
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| Insertion | moveable point of attachment
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| Course | direction of fibers
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| Innervation | nerve supply
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| Function | the physiological accomplishments
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| Diaphragm | single muscle that separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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| Origin of the diaphragm | posterior surface of the xiphoid process, inner surface of the upper lumbar vertebrate ans well as the inner surface of ribs 7-12
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| Insertion of the diaphragm | central tendon
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| Innervation of the diaphragm | phrenic nerve
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| Function of the diaphragm | to enlarge the thoracic cavity in its vertical dimension during unforced inhalation
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| External intercostal muscles | 11 pairs located in between ribs
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| Origin of the external intercostal muscle | inferior surface of rib
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| Insertion of external intercostal muscle | superior surface of the rib
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| Course of the external intercostal muscle | downward and medially toward the sternum. Downward and laterally away from the vertebral column
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| Innervation of the external intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves
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| Function of the external intercostal muscles | raise the ribs and increase their size of the thoracic cavity during unforced inhalation
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| Origin of internal intercostal muscles | inferior surface of the rib above
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| Insertion of internal intercostal muscle | medical surface of the rib immediately below
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| Course of internal intercostal muscles | downward and laterally away from the sternum. Downward and medially toward the vertebral column
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| Innervation of the internal intercostal muscles | intercostal nerves
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| Function of internal intercostal muscles | help lower the ribs during unforced exhalation
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| Origin of levator costalis | 7th cervical & upper 11 thoracic vertebrate on the transverse process
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| Insertion of the levator costalis | lateral surface of the rib immediately below, course downward and laterally
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| Innervation of the levator costalis | intercostal nerves
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| Function of the levator costalis | help raise the shoulder girdle and enlarge the thoracic cavity during forced inhalation
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| Origin of sternocleoidomastoid | anterior and the superior surface of the manubrium, they insert into the clavicle and scapula by means of a tendon
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| Insertion of sternocleoidomastoid | course upward and posteriorally. Also attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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| Innervation of the sternocleoidomastoid | accessory nerve
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| Functions of the sternocleoidomastoid | rotation of the head and raise the sternum during forced inhalation
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| Scalene muscle made up of? | scalenus anterior, medial and posterior
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| Origin of scalene muscle | c2 to c6
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| Insertion of scalene muscle | ribs 1 & 2 at the tubercle, they course downward
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| Innervation of scalene muscles | cervival nerves 2&3
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| Function of scalene muscles | raise the ribs during force inhalation
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| Bony pelvis made up of | pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx
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| Innominate bone or hip bone comprises of? | Ilium, Ischium & pubis
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| Rectus abdominis | largest muscle that provides for points of attachments for muscles of exhalation. Connected by a tendenous linea alba
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| Origin of rectus abdominis | bony pubis
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| Insertion of rectus abdominis | inserts to the outer surface of the xiphoid process, as well as ribs 5,6,7 inclubing their costal cartilages
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| Innervation of rectus abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12
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| Function of rectus abdominis | flatten the abdomen and the abdominal visceral which forces the diaphragm upward during forced exhalation
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| What are lung air volumes? | discreet volumes of air, only 1 can be measured by a wet spirometer
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| Tidal air | air that we inhale and exhale during quiet breathing. Best lung air volume for speaking. Least amount of muscles are used.
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| Origin of Transverse abdominis | superior surface of the ilium (illiac crest) as well as the inner surface of ribs 6-12
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| Insertion of transverse abdominis | aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis
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| Course of transverse abdominis | upwards and horizontally
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| Innervation of transverse abdominis | thoracic nerves 6-12
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| Function of transverse abdominis | help to compress the abdomen during unforced exhalation
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| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | air that can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume furing forced inhalation
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| Expiratory reserve | air that is exhaled during a maximum exhalation
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| Residual volume | air that remains in our lungs even after a max exhalation
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| lung air capacities | combinations of lung air volumes
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| Inspiratory reserve capacity | made up of inspiratory reserve volume & tidal volume
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| Vital capacity | includes 3: inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume & expiratory reserve volume
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| Functional residual capacity | includes expiratory reserve volume & residual volume
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| Total lung capacity | includes all four lung air volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve & residual volume
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