Cancer Chapter 4
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| The terms neoplasm, neoplasia and tumor are used to describe | Ca(cancer)
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| A change in the biochemistry of a gene, resulting in the production of abnormal cells is called a | mutation
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| A neoplasm(tumor) the invades other tissues is called | malignant
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| The terms carcinoma and sarcoma refer to | malignancies(Bad Cancer)
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| The ability to generate tumors at distant sites is called | metastasis (metastatic) ("mets")
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| A tumor that does not invade or metastasize is called | benign (good)
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| Benign tumors include | 1.Lipoma AKA a fatty tumor 2.Myoma AKA a muscle tumor(usually refer to a fibroid tumor(s) of the uterus AKA leiomyoma(s) 3.Angioma AKA birthmark 4.Nevus AKA a mole 5.Papilloma AKA polyp or wart(varruca) 6.Adenoma AKA glandular tumor
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| Carcinogenic agents include | 1.UVA(ultra violet radiation)&UVB(ultra violet) 2.Tobacco 3.Poor Diet/obesity 4.STIs(STD's) 5.Estrogen therapy such as BCP(birth control pills)or HRT(hormone replacement therapy 6.Chemicals asbestos(mnesothelioma), radon (lung),& benzene(leukemia)
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| Carcinogenic agents continued | 7.Environment agents(air & water pollution) 8.Genetic predisposition (breast, ovarian & bladder malignancies) 9.Alcohol 10.A sedentary lifesytle
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| UVA & UVB from sunlight & tanning beds increase the risk of | skin malignancies
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| UV(ultra violet) light also destroys collagen causing | wrinkles & accelerates the aging process
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| Tobacco use increases the risk of | oral, pulmonary, laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal, colorectal,pancreatic, hepatic, renal, gastric, uterine, & bladder malignancies
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| Poor diet (insufficient fruits & vegetables) and obesity increases the risk of | esophageal, gastric, breast, & colorectal malignancies
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| STI's(Sexually transmitted infections/disease) especially the HPV(Human Papilloma Virus), early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners increase the risk of | cervical malignancies
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| Estrogen therapy such as BCPs(birth control pills) or HRT(Hormone Replacement Therapy) can cause an increase of | breast malignancies
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| Alcohol (1 drink/day) increases the risk of | breast, liver, rectum, mouth, throat, and esophageal malignancies
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| A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of | breast, lung, ovarian, endometrial, colon, and prostate malignancies
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| Cancer prophylaxis(protection) recommendations include | 30 minutes a exercise(walking) 5 days a week
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| Signs & Symptoms of Ca(Cancer) include | Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion(dyspepsia)or Dysphagia(difficulty swalling) Obvious change in a verucca(wart)or nevus(mole) Nagging cough
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| Pain is usually NOT AN EARLY symptom of | Cancer
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| Dx(diagnosis) of cancer usually confirmed with a | Bx(Biopsy)
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| Types of Bx(biopsies include | 1.frozen sections 2.needle Bx 3.Exfoliative cytology refers to: a)Scrapings b)Washings c)Secretions
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| Ca(cancer) staging(0,1,2,3,4) refers to the | size & spread
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| Ca(cancer) grading(0,1,2,3,4) refers to the | aggressiveness
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| Tx(treatment) for Ca(cancer) includes | 1)Antineoplastic medications AKA "chemotherapy" 2)Radiation Therapy 3)Hormonal Therapy 4)Surgery
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