Chapter 28 The Digestive System
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| abomasum | last section of the ruminant stomach that acts as the true stomach and allows food to be digested
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| alimentary canal | veterinary medical terminology for the GI system
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| amylase | enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down starches
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| anastomosis | surgical removal of a dead area of tissue along the digestive tract and resectioning the areas back together
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| ascending colon | first section of the large intestine
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| avian system | specialized digestive system of birds
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| beak | avian mouth with no teeth that forms an upper and lower bill
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| bile | yellow fluid that helps break down food for digestion and absorption of food
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| bloat | condition that causes the abdoment to become swollen and painful due to air and gas within the intestinal tract
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| body | central part of the stomach that expands as food enters
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| canine | teeth also known as fangs that are used to tear apart food
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| cardia | entrance of the stomach that filters food
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| caniasial tooth | upper 4th premolar and lower first molar in dogs and cats that tend to become abscessed and infected
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| cecum | the small sac that lies between the small and large intestines
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| cloaca | end of the digestive tracct where waste material passes
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| colic | condition in horses that causes severe stomach pain
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| colon | common term for the large intestine
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| constipation | occurence in the digestive tract that can cause little to no bowel movement
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| crop | small sac that acts as a holding tank for food as it is passed from the esophagus in birds
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| crown | the upper part of the tooth that lies above the gum line
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| cud | mixture of grass sources and saliva that is chewed and regurgitated to break down food for digestions
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| deciduous | baby teeth that are developed in newborn animals and eventually shed when adulthood is reached
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| dehydration | loss of fluids in the body
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| dentin | second layer of teeth, similar to bone
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| dentition | the way teeth are arranged in the body
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| descending colon | third or last section of the large intestine
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| diabetes | condition that is produced when too much or too little blood sugar is produced and the body finds it difficult to regulate
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| diarrhea | process of waste materials and feces becoming soft and watery
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| digestion | breaking down food particles into nutrients to be used by the body to allow the animal to live
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| digestive system | the body sytem that contains the stomach and intestines
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| distended | swollen
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| duodenum | short, first section of the small intestines
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| enamel | hardest substance in the body that covers and protects teeth
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| enema | procedure of passing fluids into the rectum to soften feces to produce a bowel movement
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| eructation | gas buildup where belching occurs to rid the rumen of air
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| esophagus | tube that passes food from the mouth to the stomach
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| fermentation | process of soaking food that allows bacteria to break down food for easier digestion
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| flanking | looking at or biting at the sides of the abdomen due to stomach pain
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| foreign body obstruction | an animal ingests a foreign object that is no digestibe and it becomes impacted within the intestinal tract
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| free gas | air accumulates in the dorsal rumen of a ruminants stomach causing the animal to choke when the esophagus becomes obstructed with food and saliva, causing the gas to not be able to escape
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| frothy bloat | caused by gas being trapped within small bubbles within the rumen cxausing the abdoment to become swollen and painful
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| fundus | opening of the stomach
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| gall bladder | organ that stores biles
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| gastric dilation | veterinary term for the condition known as bloat in which air or gas fills the stomach causing the abdomen to become swollen and painful
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| gastric dilation volvulus (GDV) | condition where the stomach and intestinal tract rotate after becoming swollen due to air or gas in the GI tract, causing the intestinal tracts circulation to be cut off t
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| gastrointestinal system (GI) | the digestive system that contains the stomach and intestines
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| gizzard | muscular organ located after the proventriculus in birds that grinds down hard food substances
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| glucose | veterinary term for blood sugar
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| herbivores | animals that eat plant based foods
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| ileum | third and last section of the small intestine
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| incisors | the front teeth located in the upper and lower jaws
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| insulin | chemical produced by the liver that is released into the bloodstream and regulates the body's blood sugar
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| intravenous | into the vein
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| intussesception | condition where the stomach or intestine telescopes upon itself, cutting off circulation to the organ
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| jejunum | second or middle section of the small intestine
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| Lactated ringers solution | fluid of lactic acid that is commonly used to replace fluids lost in dehydration
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| laxative | veterinary term for stool softeners or medicine given to soften feces to produce a bowel movement
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| lipase | enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down fats
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| liver | organ behind the stomach that makes bile and produces glucose
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| mesentery | connective tissue from the peritoneum and carries blood vessels and nerves to the small intestines
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| molars | last set of teeth that are large and located in the back of the mouth
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| monogastric | digestive system of an animal with one simple stomach
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| mucosa | thin connective tissue that lines the intestinal tract
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| mucous membrane (mm) | gums
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| necrotic | dead tissue
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| nonruminant system | digestive system similar to monogastric animals with a larger well developed cecum for breaking down fiber
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| normal saline | solution with the same concentration level as salt
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| NPO | nothing by mouth
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| omasum | third section of the ruminant stomach that absorbed water and nutrients
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| omentum | thin lining that surrounds organs within the abdomen
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| omnivores | eats both plants and animals
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| oral barium study | barium solution given by mouth to pass through the digestive system to allow xrays to be taken over time to view internal structures of the GI tract
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| pancreas | organ that lies next to the stomach and secretes enzymes that aid in digestion
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| papillae | hair on the tongue that act as taste buds
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| peristalsis | wavelike motion of the stomach that moved food through the intestine in contractions
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| peritoneum | clear thin lining of the abdomen
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| permanent | adult teeth that are formed after the deciduous teeth are shed
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| pharynx | throat or area of the back of the mouth
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| PO | by mouth
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| premolars | wider teeth at the back of the mouth used to grind and tear food
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| proventriculus | acts as a monogastric stomach and begins the digestion process in birds by releasing excretions to soften food
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| pulp cavity | center of the tooth that holds the nerves, veins, and arteries
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| pylorus | exit passageway of the stomach
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| radiopaque | solution that fluoresces and allows radioation to pass through to view internal body structures during xrays
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| regurgitation | process of bringing food into the mouth from the stomach to break it down
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| root | part of the tooth located below the gum line that holds the tooth in place
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| reticulum | second section of the ruminant stomach that acts as a filter for food
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| rumen | first section of the ruminant stomach that acts as a storage vat and softens food for fermentation
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| rugae | folds within the stomach when it is empty
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| ruminant | animal with a digestive system that has a stomach with four sections or compartments
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| saliva | fluid that helps soften and break down food for ease of swallowing and digestion
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| salivary glands | area within the mouth that produces saliva
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| skin turgor | process of evaluating an animal for dehydration by lifting the skin over the base of the neck or shoulder blades
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| sodium chloride | saltwater fluid
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| stool softeners | medication given to produce a bowel movement by softening the fecces
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| subcutaneous | given under the skin
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| tacky | slight dry, as in the gums
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| tongue | muscle within the mouth used to hold food within the mouth
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| transverse colon | second or middle section of the large intestine
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| trocar | plastic or metal pointed instrument placed into the rumen of the ruminant animal that has bloated to relieve the pressue on the animal's stomach
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| trypsin | enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests proteins
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| vent | external area of an avian that passes waste materials, also called the cloaca and similar to the rectum
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| vomiting | process of brining up partially or undigested food that has been in the stomach of monogastric animals
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