Vocabulary 1 - 3
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| Mass Extinction | when large numbers of entire species become extinct at nearly the same time
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| Evolution | change over time of species of organisms, or Earth
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| Natural Selection | process where members of the species that are best suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate
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| Adaptation | trait that gives an organism an advantage in its environment and increases its chance or survival
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| Speciation | evolution of a new species from an existing species
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| Ancestor | distant or early form of an organism form which later organisms descend
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| Vestigial Organ | physical structure that was fully developed and functional in an earlier group but is reduced and unused in later species
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| Homologous Structure | physical structure that is similar and used for a similar purpose in different species
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| Mutation | random change to a gene that results in a new trait
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| Population Dynamics | study changes in the number of individuals in a population and the factors that effect those changes
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| Carrying Capacity | maximum size that a population can reach in an ecosystem
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| Population Density | measure of the number of organisms in a given area
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| Immigration | movement of an organism into a range inhabited by the same species
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| Emigration | movement of individuals out of an ecosystem
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| Limiting Factor | factor or condition that prevents the continuing growth of a population in an ecosystem
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| Opportunist | species characterized by a relatively short life span and large quantities of offspring
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| Competitor | species characterized by a relatively long life span with few offspring
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| Fossil | an object that is a trace or remain of living things from the past
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| Original Remains | fossils that are actual bodies or body parts of an organism (ex.Bones)
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| Ice Core | a sample of Earth that is taken in a tube and shows the layers that have built up over thousands of years
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| Relative Age (Dating) | the age of an even or object in relation to other events or objects (younger or older)
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| Absolute Age (Dating) | the actual age in years of an object or event
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| Index Fossil | fossils or organisms that were common, lived in many areas, and existed only during a certain time span
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| Half-Life | the length of time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to change to another form
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| Uniformitarianism | the theory that Earth is an always changing place and that the same forces of change from the past are at work today
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| Geological Time Scale | the scale that divides Earth's history into intervals that are defined by major events or changes on Earth
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| Lithosphere | the layer of Earth made up of crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle
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| Asthenosphere | layer in Earth's upper mantle that is soft because it is close to melting
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| Tectonic Plate | one of the large moving pieces of Earth's lithosphere (oceanic/continental)
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| Continental Drift | hypothesis that Earth's continents move on Earth's surface
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| Pangaea | hypothetical super continent that included all the land masses of Earth, broke apart 2009 million years ago
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| Theory or Plate Tectonics | theory stating that Earth's lithosphere is broken into huge plates that move and change in size over time
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| Rift Valley | deep valley formed as tectonic plates move apart, such as along a mid-ocean ridge
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| Magnetic Reversal | switch in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field so that magnetic North and South switch
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| Hot Spot | area where a column of hot material rises from deep within the mantle and heats the lithosphere, causing volcanic activity
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| Subduction | when oceanic plate sinks under another plate in Earth;s mantle
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| Habitat | environment that contains most of the necessary requirements for an organism to live
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| Intertidal Zone | the narrow ocean margin between the high tide and the low tide mark
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| Estuaries | where fresh water from rivers mixes with slat water from the ocean
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| Wetland | wet, swampy areas that are often flooded with water (ex. Salt Marshes and Mangrove Forests)
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| Coral Reef | built up limestone deposits formed by large colonies of organisms called coral
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| Kelp Forest | large communities of a seaweed called kelp that attaches to the ocean floor and can grow up to 40 m, in cold water
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| Phytoplankton | microscopic floating organisms that lie at or near the sunlit surface and are able to photosynthesis
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| Hydrothermal Vents | hot water that rises up from cracks in the ocean floor (has lots of chemicals an chemosynthetic bacteria)
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| Overfishing | catching fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce
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| By-Catch | potion of animals that are caught in a net then thrown away
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| Salinity | the amount of dissolved salt in a substance
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| Density | mass divided by volume
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| Continental Shelf | the slope of land that lies under the water at the edge of a continent
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| Sonar | use of sound waves to measure distance and to locate objects
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| Current | mass or moving water
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| Upwelling | movement of deep nutrient water up to the surface
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| El Nino | global weather event caused by changes in air and water movement
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| Longshore Current | movement of water parallel to the shore
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| Rip Current | strong movement of water that breaks through sandbars and moves out to sea
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| Tide | rise and fall of the water level of the ocean due to the moon's gravitational pull
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| Tidal Range | difference between high tide and the next low tide
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| Spring Tide | extreme high and low tide (large tidal bulge)
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| Neap Tide | less extreme high and low tide (small tidal bulge)
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| Irrigation | way that humans apply water to crops
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| Aquaculture | science and process of raising and harvesting fish for food
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| Dam | structure that blocks and controls the flow of water in a river or lake
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| Lock | area of waterway closed off by gates, where water level is raised and lowered to let ships pass
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| Concentration | the amount of substance in another substance
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| Sewage System | system used by cities and towns to collect and treat waste water
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| Septic System | small system used by home or business to treat waste water (usually in remote/country areas)
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| Point-Source Pollution | pollution that enters water from a known source
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| Nonpoint-Source Pollution | pollution that enters water from a source that is hard to find or is scattered
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| Drought | long period of time with little to no rainfall
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| Desalination | process used to remove salt from ocean water
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| Fresh Water | water you can drink, not salty
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| Salt Water | water that has salt and minerals
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| Water Cycle | continuous flow of water from the air to the ground and back
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| Evaporation | water turning to water vapor (gas)
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| Condensation | process of water turning from vapor to liquid
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| Precipitation | water falling from clouds
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| Divide | ridge from which water flows on either side
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| Drainage Basin | area at the bottom of a divide where water flows
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| Turnover | continuous rising and sinking of water in a lake
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| Eutrophication | the increase of nutrients in a lake or pond
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| Iceberg | large mass of frozen water in the ocean
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| Groundwater | water held in the ground
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| Permeable | layer of rock/soil that water CAN flow through
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| Impermeable | layer of rock that water CAN'T flow through
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| Water Table | the highest part of the ground that is completely filled with water
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| Aquifer | underground permeable layer of rock that holds water
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| Spring | water that flows from the ground where the surface of land dips below the water table
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| Artesian Well | well where water flows upward because of pressure
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| Transpiration | water given off by plants
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| Infiltration | water that makes its way into the ground
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| Runoff | water draining from mountains into rivers, lakes, and streams
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| Microorganism | small organism that can only be seen with a microscope
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| Kingdom | 6 large groupings of living organisms that have similar characteristics
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| Algae | protists that live mostly in water and do photosynthesis
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| Plankton | microscope organisms that drift in large numbers through water
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| Protozoa | animal-like protists that are decomposers
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| Virus | non-living, disease causing particles that uses living cells to reproduce
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| Bacteria | group of one-celled organisms that sometimes cause disease
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| Archaea | single-celled organisms without nuclei that can survive in extreme enviroments
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| Decomposer | organism that feeds on or breaks down dead plant and animal matter
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| Parasite | organism that uses another organism for its nutrients, it often harms the host organism in the process
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| Host Cell | cell that a virus infects and uses to make copies of itself
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| Carbohydrate | sugar molecule used for energy
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| Lipid | organic compound that makes up fats and oils in living things
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| Protein | org. compound made of amino acids, that does the work in a cell
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| Nucleic Acid | molecules that carry the instructions for the cell (RNA and DNA)
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| Glucose | sugar made form carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| Photosynthesis | process plant cells use to make glucose
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| Chlorophyll | pigment
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