States' Rights and Amendments
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| Limited Government | The idea that governments are created by the consent of the governed and that the power of government is limited by rule of law
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| Federalism | The idea that power is divided by the Consitiution between the federal (central/national) gov't and the state gov't. The Constitution, treaties and federal laws are the "supreme law of the land".
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| Federalism | Some powers are delegated to the federal government, others are reserved for the state governments, and other powers are concurrent (shared) by both state and national government
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| Checks and Balances | The idea that abuse of power is controlled by the three branches of government watching each other and having the power to approve or disapprove certain actions of the other branches
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| Rebublicanism | The idea that government is controlled by the people who hold power and elect representatives, giving those representatives power to make and enforce laws
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| Popular Sovereignty | The idea that the power of government rests with the people who express their ideas through voting; popular sovereignty was used before the Civil War to allow voters in a new territory to decide whether to allow slavery
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| Seperation of Powers | THe idea that the power of government is separated into three branches of government: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches
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| Legislative Branch | Elected representatives who make or enact laws; Congress at the federal level
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| Executive Branch | electd and appointed individuals who enforce laws; at the federal level the President heads this branch
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| Judicial Branch | Justices (judges) who interpret the law (through the courts); at the federal level the U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court of this branch
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| Individual Rights | The rights guaranteed to individual citizens by the Bill of RIghts and other amendments to the Constitution. Freedom of speech and the press are two of these important rights.
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| States' Rights | Based on a broad interpretation of the 10th Amendment, States' RIghts was the idea that states had the right to controll all issues/laws in their state not specifically given to the federal government by the specific words of the Constitution
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| States' Rights | States' Rights was used by the Southern states to argue that they had the right to nullify (ignore) federal laws they did not agree with. States' Rights became a leading cause of the Civil War as Southern states seceded (withdrew) from the U.S. in 1861
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| Nullification Crisis | In 1832, S. Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the United States (Union) if the federal gov't tried to collect tariff duties (taxes on imports) in their state. S. Carolina used states' rights to try to nullify the tariff laws.
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| Nullification Crisis | S. Carolina attempted to nullify the tariff laws in 1832, President Andrew Jackson got Congress to pass the Force Bill saying he could use the army/navy to enforce tariff laws. S.C. backed down from their threat to secede & a compromise tariff bill passed
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| 13th Amendment | Declares slavery illegal in the United States.
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| 14th Amendment | Gives citizenship rights to people born/naturalized in the U.S. (former slaves) and states that citizens cannot be "deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law". It also said all citizens will have equal protection under the law
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| 15th Amendment | Prohibits the use of race or previous condition of slavery as a barrier to voting. This applied to male citizens over the age of 21
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| 16th Amendment | Creates the Federal Income Tax provisions. This was an amendment strongly supported by the Progressive Reformers
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| 17th Amendment | Proves for direct election of Senators, another amendment supported by the Progressives.
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| 19th Amendment | Guarantees the right to vote to women (women's suffrage)
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| 24th Amendment | Eliminates the poll tax as a requirement to vote in primary elections for federal and state officials. Part of the Civil RIghts legislation of 1964
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| 26th Amendment | Extends the right to vote to 18 year olds
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