sydney and roberts guide to how to pass science semester 2
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| the smallest portion an element can be divided into | atom
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| positive charge located in the nucleas | proton
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| no charge, located in the nucleas | neutron
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| negative charge located outside the nucleas | electron
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| neutral charge | nucleas
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| any substance that cant be broken down | element
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| two or more elements | compound
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| a route through which an electric current can flow | circuit
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| a flow of electrons from a high to low concentration | current
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| a material or device that prevents or reduces the passage of electricity | insulator
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| a substance body or medium that allows electricity to pass along it or through it | conductor
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| example of an insulator | rubber
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| example of a conductor | metal
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| heat energy | involves changing temps. ex. candle
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| nuclear energy | energy involved in breaking apart or creating the nucleus of an atom. ex. nuclear bombs
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| mechanical energy | involves movement of physical objects by applications of force. ex. turning tires on a car or turning blades on a fan
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| electrical energy | energy involved by movement of electrons. ex. electricity
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| light energy | energy associated with the movement of photons. example. tanning visible light sunburn
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| chemical energy | energy involving rearranging atoms resulting in creating or destroying a chemical compound. ex. combustion from car engines
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| 3 types of fossil fuels | oil, natural gas, coal
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| description of lignite coal | soft chunks; black and dull
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| description of bituminous coal | black chunks, some yellow, shiny
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| description of peat coal | fairly loose, spongy, deposit of plant remains from a water saturated environment.
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| description of athracite coal | more carbon and less water than other types of coal
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| types of coal from least dense to most dense. | peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
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| what is the main fossil fuel used in the u.s? | coal
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| if you have high quality of coal, how does that impact energy generation? | you have a better energy generation
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| first step of the coal burning process | coal is crushed and mixed with air
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| second step of the cbp | blown into the boiler
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| third step of the cbp | burned in boiler to create steam
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| fourth step of the cbp | turbine powers generator
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| fifth step of the cbp | generator creates electrical power
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| sixth step of the cbp | electricity is transmitted through wires to the house
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| what do we measure using the calorimeter | food energy (calories)
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| is kilowatt, megawatt, or watt the smallest? and biggest? | smallest, watt. biggest, megawatt.
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| what are they products of a coal burning power plant? | sulfer dixodie
nitrogen oxides
mercury
ash
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| what two compounds are most resposible for producing acid rain? | sulfer dixiodes
nitrogen oxides
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| what unit is used to measure particulates | microns
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| what are some negative consequences of thermal pollution? | algae bloom, raises temp, lower oxygen levels in water, fish die, fish eggs will not hatch
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| how does water temp relate to the dissolved oxygen level? | the warmer the water the lower dissolved oxygen
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| which fish would best survive in the highest water temp? | large mouth bass
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| which layer is closest to earth? | troposphere
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| which layer is directly above the stratosphere? | mesosphere
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| which layer contains ozone? | stratosphere
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| which layer is the hottest? | thermosphere
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| carbon dioxide | CO2. colorless odorless, nonpoisioness gas, that is a normal part of the air plants use it.
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| nitrogen oxide | NOx. a cheif component of our pollution produced by the burning of fossil fuels (gives smog a brownish color)
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| sulfur dioxide | SO2. a colorless gas that can irriritate the lungs and is a major contribute to acidic depostition when released into the atmosphere.
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| methane | CH4. a colorless odorless gas with a distribution in nature. is the principle components of natural gas.
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| carbon monoxide | CO. an odorless gas that interferes with the delivery of oxygen from the blood to the body and it is very important of the chemistry of the lower atmosphere
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| pH range for acid | 1-6
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| pH range for base | 8-14
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| pH range for neutral | 7
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| two ways power plants use water | cooling and making steam
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| coal is mostly made of what element | carbon
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| what size particulates are most harmful? | smaller
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| how can fossil fuel power plants have affects on large distances? | burning fossil fuels
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| pollution caused by abnormally heating the air, land , or water | thermal pollution
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| the unit used to measure particulates that equal a length to one millionth of a meter | micron
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| small solid particles & liquid droplets that are suspended in the air. | particulate
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| bad ozone found at ground level. is a pollutant | ground level ozone
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| they form when fossil fuels such as benzone and hydrocarbons do not completely burn ethylane | volatile organic compounds (vocs)
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| invisible gas that has a sharp acidic smell and taste. protects earth from uv rays from the sun | ozone
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| 6 predicted effects of global climate change | -ecosystem shifts and species extinction
-melting ice and snow
-more severe weather events
-human health problems
-ocean levels rise
-warmer temperatures
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| average temp after a long period of time | climate
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| short term atmospheric conditions | weather
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| the reflective quality of earths atmosphere | albedo
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| when something reflects sunlight | reflected solar energy
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| when sunlight is taken in and retained by a substance and converted to heat energy | absorbed solar energy
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| to move electricity to the power plant to the point of use. usually through wires | transmit
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| a condition where greenhouse gasses make the earth warmer by trapping heat in the atmosphere | greenhouse effect
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| an average increase in the earths temp which in turn changes the climate | global warming
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| ocean current that travels from the labrador sea to the eastern tu=ip of south africa. also travels along the coast of north america to northwestern europe. | north atlantic deep water circulation
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| ex of transmitted solar energy | plastic wrap
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| ex of absorbed solar energy | black construction paper
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| ex of reflected solar energy | aluminum foil
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| 5 greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor, and cfc's
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| which greenhosue gas is the most important? | water vapor
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| what is the main human activity that causes global warming? | burning fossil fuels
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| list 3 ways that methane is produced | domesticated animals, cultivating rice, and decomposing garbage.
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| what did the tree rings show about the clinmate in the past 20 years? | warm and dry; small rings
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| describe two negative results of melting glaciers | not as much reflected energy, rising sea levels
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| whaat type of ground cover absorbs the most energy? | bare soil
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| what type of ground cover absorbs the least energy? | ice
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| what do scientist predict about the warming trend over the next 100 years? | it will increase
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| what is the relationship between albedo and surface temp? | if albedo increases, surface temp decreases.
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| what is the main debate about global warming? | whether or not humans caused it or not
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| what is the argument against global warming? | that is is not humans it is the natural cycles of earth.
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| 3 negative health effects for humans of global climate change | heat waves/ heat related deahts, spread of diseases, and air quality problems
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| alternative energy, nuclear | nucleas of atom split to make energy
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| ae, hyrdroelectric | flow of water
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| ae, biomass | organic matter
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| ae, geothermal | water geysers
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| ae, solar | sun's energy (panels)
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| ae, wind | turbine catches the wind power
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| what are two drawbacks of using the alternative energies | -expensive
-not consistent power, needs another power when it is not available
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| a layer of soil | horizon
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| name an element that has an equal amount of protons and neutrons | carbon nitrogen and oxygen
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| independant variable | does not change
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| dependant variable | changes
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| what locations on earth reflect the most sunlight? | the poles, russia , greenland, norway, northern africa
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| which locations on earth reflect the least sunlight? | south america, south africa, australia, north america
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