Affixes and roots
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| dis- | reverses the meaning of the verb | disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue
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| over- | too much | overbook, oversleep, overwork
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| un- | reverses the meaning of the verb | unbend, uncouple, unfasten
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| mis- | badly or wrongly | mislead, misinform, misidentify
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| out- | more or better than others | outperform, outbid
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| be- | make or cause | befriend, belittle
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| co- | together | co-exist, co-operate, co-own
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| de- | do the opposite of | devalue, deselect
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| fore- | earlier, before | foreclose, foresee
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| inter- | between | interact, intermix, interface
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| pre- | before | pre-expose, prejudge, pretest
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| sub- | under/below | subcontract, subdivide
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| trans- | across, over | transform, transcribe, transplant
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| -ise | cause to be | stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise
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| -ate | cause to be | differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate
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| -fy | cause to be | classify, exemplify, simplify, justify
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| -en | cause to be | awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten
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| anti- | against | anticlimax, antidote, antithesis
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| bi- | two | bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism
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| co- | joint | co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant
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| counter- | against | counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal
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| dis- | the converse of | discomfort, dislike
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| ex- | former | ex-chairman, ex-hunter
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| hyper- | extreme | hyperinflation, hypersurface
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| in- | the converse of | inattention, incoherence, incompatibility
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| in- | inside | inpatient,
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| inter- | between | interaction, inter-change, interference
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| kilo- | thousand | kilobyte
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| mal- | bad | malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition
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| mega- | million | megabyte
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| mis- | wrong | misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement
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| mini- | small | mini-publication, mini-theory
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| mono- | one | monosyllable, monograph, monogamy
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| neo- | new | neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism
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| out- | separate | outbuilding,
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| poly- | many | polysyllable
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| pseudo- | FALSE | pseudo-expert
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| re- | again | re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination
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| semi- | half | semicircle, semi-darkness
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| sub- | below | subset, subdivision
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| super- | more than, above | superset, superimposition, superpowers
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| tele- | distant | telecommunications,
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| tri- | three | tripartism
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| ultra- | beyond | ultrasound
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| under- | below, too little | underpayment, under-development, undergraduate
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| vice- | deputy | vice-president
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| -tion | action/instance of V-ing | alteration, demonstration
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| -sion | action/instance of V-ing | expansion, inclusion, admission
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| -er | person who V-s | advertiser, driver
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| -er | something used for V-ing | computer, silencer
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| -ment | action/instance of V-ing | development, punishment, unemployment
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| -ant | person who V-s | assistant, consultant
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| -ent | person who V-s | student
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| -age | action/result of V | breakage, wastage, package
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| -al | action/result of V | denial, proposal, refusal, dismissal
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| -ence | action/result of V | preference, dependence, interference
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| -ance | action/result of V | attendance, acceptance, endurance
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| -ery/-ry | action/instance of V-ing | bribery, robbery, misery
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| -ery/-ry | place of V-ing | refinery, bakery
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| -er | person concerned with N | astronomer, geographer
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| -ism | doctrine of N | Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism
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| -ship | state of being N | friendship, citizenship, leadership
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| -age | collection of N | baggage, plumage
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| -ity | state or quality of being A | ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity
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| -ness | state or quality of being A | darkness, preparedness, consciousness
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| -cy | state or quality of being A | urgency, efficiency, frequency
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| -al | make ajective | central, political, national, optional, professional
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| -ent | make ajective | different, dependent, excellent
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| -ive | make ajective | attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive
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| -ous | make ajective | continuous, dangerous, famous
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| -ful | make ajective | beautiful, peaceful, careful
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| -less | make ajective | endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless
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| -able | make ajective | drinkable, countable, avoidable,
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| un- | make negative ajective | unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust
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| im-/in-/ir-/il- | make negative ajective | immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal
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| non- | make negative ajective | non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral
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| dis- | make negative ajective | disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest
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| Aqua | water | Aquamarine
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| Arbor | tree | Arboreal
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| Audio | sound or hearing | Audible
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| Bell | war | Bellicism
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| Dict | say | Dictation
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| Geo | earth | Geography
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| Graph | write | Graphics
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| Hydra | water | Hydrofoil
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| Man | hand | Manual
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| Min | small | Minimal
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| Nov | new | Novice
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| Path | feeling or suffering | Pathetic and Apathy
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| Sol | sun | Solar
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| Therm | heat | Thermometer
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| Vac | empty | Vacuum
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| Vent | opening to let air in | Ventilate
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| Vit | life | Vitamin
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| Acri | bitter | Acrimony
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| Carn | flesh | Carnivorous
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| Corp | body | Corporal punishment
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| Deca | ten | Decade
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| Erg | work | Energy
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| Gen | birth | Genesis
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| Lum | light | Luminary
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| Sen | old | Senior
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| Tele | far | Telephone
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| Vor | eat greedily | Devour
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| Act | to move or do | Action, activity and transaction
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| Ambul | move or walk | Amble, ambulant, ambulate
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| Auto | self or same | Autocrat, automatic
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| Cardio | heart | Cardiovascular, cardiology
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| Cede | go | Exceed, recede, accessible
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| Counter | against or opposite | Counteract, counterpoint and counterargument
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| Demo | people | Democracy, democrat and demographic
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| Derma | skin | Dermatology, epidermis
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| Equi | equal | Equity, equilateral and equidistant
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| Ex | out or away | Exit, extract and explosion
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| Extra | outside | Extraordinary, extraterrestrial
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| Hypno | sleep | Hypnosis, hypnotic
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| In and im | not | Impossible and innocent
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| Intra | within or into | Intrapersonal, intramural and intravenous
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| Ject | to throw | Reject, eject and inject
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| Mal | bad | Malignant, malfunction and malice
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| Mangi | big or great | Magnificent, magnify
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| Multi | many | Multiple, multifaceted and multilingual
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| Omni | all | Omnipotent, omnipresent and omnivore
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| Poly | many | Polygamous, polychrome and polytheist
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| Script | write | Manuscript, postscript
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| Sect | cut | Intersect, dissect and section
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| Semi | half | Semicircle and semifinalist
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| Un | not | Unfinished, uncooked and unreadable
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| Vis, vid | see | Envision, evident
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| a, an | not, without | atheist, anarchy, anonymous apathy, aphasia, anemia, atypical, anesthesia
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| ab | away, down, from, off | absent, abduction, aberrant, abstemious, abnormal, abstract, absorb
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| acro | high, tip, top | acrobat, acrophobia, acronym, acromegaly, acropolis
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| act | do, move | action, react, transaction, proactive, activity, activation, deactivate
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| ad | to, toward | admit, addition, advertisement, adherent, admonish, address, adhesive, adept, adjust
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| alt | high | altitude, altimeter, alto, contralto, altocumulus, exalt
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| ambul | to walk | ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist, perambulate, preamble
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| anima | soul, life | animation, inanimate, animal, anime, equanimity, animism, animus
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| ante | before | anteroom, antebellum, antedate antecedent, antediluvian
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| anti, ant | against, opposite | antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antichrist, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy, antigen, antibiotic, antidote, antifungal, antidepressant
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| arm | weapon | army, armament, disarm, rearm, armistice, armor, armory, arms
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| audi | to hear | audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, audiobook
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| auto | self | automobile, automatic, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune, autopilot, autobiography
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| be | thoroughly | bedecked, besmirch, besprinkled, begrudge, begrime, belie, bemoan
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| bell | war | belligerent, antebellum, bellicose, rebel
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| bene | good, well | benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
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| bi | two | bicycle, bifocals, biceps, billion, binary, bivalve, bimonthly, bigamy, bimetal, biathlete, bicarbonate
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| bio | life, living | biology, biography, biodiversity, bioavailability, bioflavonoid, biofuel, biohazard, biomass, biorhythm
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| cede, ceed, cess | to go, to yield | succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession, excess
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| chron | time | chronology, chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism
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| circum | around | circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
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| clud, clus claus | to close | include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude, preclude
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| con, com | with, together | convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine, convert, compatible, consequence, contract
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| contra, counter | against, opposite | contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal, contraband, contraception, contrast, controversy, counterfeit, counterclaim, counterargument, counterclaim, counterpoint, counterrevolution
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| cred | to believe | credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous, creed, incredible
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| commun | to share | commune, community, communism, communicable, communication, commonality, incommunicado
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| cycl | circle, wheel | bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical, motorcycle, tricycle, cyclone
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| de | from, down, away | detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice, descend, derail, depress, depart, decompose, destruction
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| dei, div | God, god | divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify, deism
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| demo | people | democracy, demagogue, epidemic, demographic, endemic
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| dia | through, across, between | diameter, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic, diagram, diaphragm, dialysis, diarrhea
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| dict | speak | predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict, contradict
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| dis, dys, dif | away, not, negative | dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, disarray, dyslexia
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| duc, duct | to lead, pull | produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
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| dyn, dyna | power | dynamic, dynamometer, heterodyne, dynamite, dynamo, dynasty
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| ecto | outside, external | ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectopic, ectothermal
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| endo | inside, within | endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous
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| equi | equal | equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator
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| e, ex | out, away, from | emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, exceed, explosion, eject, exude
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| eu | good, pleasant | euphoria, euphemism, eustress, euphonic, eukaryote
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| exter, extra | outside of | external, extrinsic, exterior, extraordinary, extrabiblical, extracurricular, extrapolate, extraneous, exterminator, extract, extradite, extraterrestrial, extrasensory, extravagant, extreme
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| flu, flux | flow | effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx
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| flect, flex | to bend | flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex, inflection, reflex
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| graph, gram | to write | polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph, historiography, graphic, electrocardiogram, monogram
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| hetero | other | heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
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| homo | same | homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone
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| hyper | over, above | hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hyperlink, hypertext, hypersonic, hypertrophy
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| hypo | below, less than | hypotension, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypoallergenic, hypothermia, hypothesis
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| in, im | not | inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, incapable, incoherent, impassible, impotent
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| infra | beneath | infrared, infrastructure, infrasonic
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| inter, intro | between | international, intercept, intermission, interoffice, internal, intermittent, introvert, introduce
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| intra | within, into | intranet, intracranial, intravenous, intramural, intramuscular, intraocular
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| jac, ject | to throw | reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate
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| log, logo, loc. loq | word, speech, speak | monologue, dialogue, locution, colloquial, elocution, soliloquy, ventriloquist, apology, doxology, epilogue, logic, eulogy, loquacious
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| mal | bad, badly | malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent, malfeasance, maleficent, malevolent, malice, malaria, malfunction, malignant
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| mega | great, million | megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis, acromegaly
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| meso | middle | mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
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| meta | beyond, change | metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation, metacognitive, metaphysics
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| meter | measure | perimeter, micrometer, ammeter, multimeter, altimeter, geometry, kilometer
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| micro | small | microscope, microprocessor, microfiche, micrometer, micrograph
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| mis | bad, badly | misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist, mistrial, misadventure, misanthrope, misread
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| mit, miss | to send | transmit, permit, missile, missionary, remit, admit, missive, mission
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| morph | shape | polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology, morphing
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| multi | many | multitude, multipartite, multiply, multipurpose, multicolored, multimedia, multinational
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| neo | new | neologism, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte
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| non | not | nonferrous, nonabrasive, nondescript, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, nonsense, nonentity
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| omni | all | omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient, omnibus, omnirange, omnipresent
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| pan | all, whole, general, completely | pantheism, pandemic, panacea, panoply, pan-American, panchromatic, pandemonium, panorama
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| para | beside | paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute, paralegal, parallel, comparison
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| per | through, intensive | permit, perspire, perforate, persuade, perceive, perfect, permit, perform, pervasive
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| peri | around | periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal, pericope
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| phon | sound | telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone
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| phot | light | photograph, photosynthesis, photon
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| poly | many | polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
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| port | to carry | porter, portable, report, transportation, deport, import, export
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| re | back, again | report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect, rename, restate, recombine, recalculate, redo
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| retro | backwards | retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
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| sanct | holy | sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
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| scrib, script | to write | inscription, prescribe, proscribe, manuscript, conscript, scribble, scribe
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| sect, sec | cut | intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
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| semi | half | semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
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| spect | to look | inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
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| sub | under, below | submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert, subdivision, submersible, submit
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| super, supra | above | superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, supercede, superficial, superhero, superimpose
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| syn | together | synthesis, synchronous, syndicate, synergy, snyopsis, syncretism
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| tele | distance, from afar | television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry, telepathy
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| theo, the | God | theology, theist, polytheist, pantheism, atheist, monotheist, theophany
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| therm, thermo | heat | thermal, thermometer, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectric
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| tract | to drag, draw | attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
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| trans | across | transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer, transit, intransitive
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| un | not | uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unhappy, unenlightened, unremarkable
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| veh, vect, vey | to carry | vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, conveyance, conveyor
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| vert, vers | to turn | convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert
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| ven, vent | to come | convention, prevent, intervention, convent, Advent, invent, inventory
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| verm | worm | vermin, vermicelli, vermiculite, vermicide, vermiform, vermilion
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| vita | life | vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
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| vol | to will | benevolent, volition, voluntary, malevolent
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| mono, uni | one | monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, uniform
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| bi, di | two | divide, diverge, diglycerides, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual, billion
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| tri | three | triangle, trinity, trilateral, triumvirate, tribune, trilogy, tricycle, trillion
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| quat, quad | four | quadrangle, quadruplets, quaternary, quarter, quadrillion
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| quint, penta | five | quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter, quintillion
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| hex, ses, sex | six | hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets, sextillion
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| sept | seven | septet, septennial, septillion, September
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| oct | eight | octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave, octillion, October
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| non | nine | nonagon, nonagenarian, nonillion
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| dec | ten | decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decillion, December
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| cent | hundred | centennial, century, centipede, centillion
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| mill, kilo | thousand (10^3) | millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
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| mega | million (10^6) | megabyte, megaton, megaflop, megawatt
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| giga | billion (10^9) | gigabyte, gigaflop, gigahertz, gigawatt
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| tera | trillion (10^12) | terabyte, teraflop, terawatt
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| peta | quadrillion (10^15) | petabyte
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| exa | quintillion (10^18) | exabyte
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| zetta | sextillion (10^21) | zettabyte
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| yotta | septilion (10^24) | yottabyte
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| milli | thousandth (10^-3) | millisecond, milligram, millivolt, milliwatt, millimeter, millipede
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| micro | millionth (10^-6) | microgram, microvolt, microwave, microsecond
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| nano | billionth (10^-9) | nanosecond, nanobucks, nanofarad, nanometer, nanomachine, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanogram, nanoscale
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| pico | trillionth (10^-12) | picofarad, picocurie, picogram, picomole, picosecond
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| femto | quadrillionth (10^-15) | femtosecond
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| atto | quintillionth (10^-18) | attosecond, attometer
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| zepto | sextillionth (10^-21) | zeptosecond
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| yocto | septillionth (10^-24) | yoctosecond
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| able, ible | able to be, capable of being | pourable, drinkable, readable, washable, curable, visible, flexible, collectible
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| ance, ancy | state of, process of | performance, reliance, defiance, radiance, acceptance, ascendancy, discrepancy, infancy
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| ator | one who does [the verb] | terminator, culminator, agitator, instigator, generator, incubator, accelerator, invigorator, elevator
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| dom | condition, office, state | kingdom, freedom, wisdom, sheikdom, fiefdom, sheikdom
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| ee | one who receives | payee, mortgagee, employee, appointee, abductee, examinee, referee, refugee
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| er, or | one who does [the verb] | driver, hiker, reader, manager, polisher, speaker, counselor, author, creator, director, sculptor
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| ful | filled with | frightful, delightful, wonderful, cupful, wakeful, bashful, bountiful, beautiful, cheerful, colorful, dreadful, fateful
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| ify | to make into | purify, deify, simplify, clarify, petrify, reify, exemplify, pacify
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| ification | process of making into | purification, deification, simplifiction, clarification, petrification
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| ish | the nature of, resembling | Cornish, Irish, bookish, freakish, foolish, boorish, selfish, sluggish, priggish
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| ism | doctrine, system, characteristic quality | capitalism, heroism, optimism, skepticism, realism, patriotism, communism, idealism, conservatism
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| ist | one who performs; an adherent of an ism | tympanist, cellist, idealist, communist, realist, moralist, pharamacist, pragmatist
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| ize | to make into | rationalize, normalize, realize, capitalize, sterilize, dramatize, utilize, colorize
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| ization | the process of making into | rationalization, normalization, realization, capitalization, dramatization
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| less | without, lacking | loveless, fearless, worthless, nameless, baseless, bottomless, effortless, friendless, noiseless, harmless
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| agon | to struggle | agony, protagonist, antagonist, agony, agonize,
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| alg | pain | neuralgia, analgesic, nostalgic,
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| alter | other | alternative, alternator, alteration, altercation, alternate,
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| am | friend | amiable, amorous, amity, enamored, paramour, amicable
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| ambi | both | ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous, ambient
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| anim | alive | animated, animal, inanimate, animator, anime, animation, reanimate
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| anthrop | mankind | anthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthranthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthropy
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| eu | good, well | euphoria, eulogy, euphemism, eugenics, eucalyptus, eukaryote, eurythmics, euthanasia
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| fore | before, front | forecast, forefather, foretaste, forehead, foreman, foreboding, forecastle, forearm, forebear, foreclose, foredoom, forego, forefoot, foreground, forehand, foreknowledge, foremost, foreordain, forerunner, foresee, foreshoren, foretell
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| ortho | straight | orthodontics, orthodox, orthopedic, orthoscopic, orthostatic
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| post | after | postscript, postconsumer, postdoctoral, posterior, postimpact, postfeminism, postgraduate, posthumous, postimpressionism, postlude, postmodernism, postpone, postproduction
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| pre | before, in front of | prefix, predict, prelude, predetermined, preamplifier, predestination, prebiotic, preclude, predate, predisposed, preempt, preference, prefigure, prefrontal, preheat, prehistory, presell, presumptuous, prevent, previous, pretext, pretentious, pretend
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| pro | forward | propel, proceed, produce, promote, project, proclaim, procession, profess, proffer, professor, proficient, profile, profound, profuse, progenitor, progress, prolapse, prolegomenon, prolific, prologue, prolong, pronation, pronounce
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| proto | first, earliest | prototype, protoplasm, protohistory, protocol, protogalaxy, proton, prototypical, protozoa
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| quasi | approximately, resembling, to some degree | quasiperiodical, quasiparticle, quasi-governmental, quasi-scientific, quasi-judicial, quasi-stellar, quasi-public
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| ultra | beyond, extremely | ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultramarine, ultrafine, ultrasensitive, ultrawide, ultrapure, ultraquiet
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| under | beneath, below, too little | undercoat, underwear, underestimate, underbid, underexpose, undercut, underclassmen, undernourished
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| re | again or back | restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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