Stack #94217
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| fossil | preserved or mineralized remains (bone, tooth, or shell) or imprint ofo an organism that lived long ago.
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| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic prokaryotes.
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| Eubacteria | prokaryotes that contain a chemical called peptidoglycan in thier cell walls. include many bacteria that cause disease and decay.
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| Archaebacteria | prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and have unique lipids in their cell membranes.
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| endosmbiosis | theory proposed in 1966 by the American biologist Lynn Margulis. Proposes that mitochondria are the descendants of symbiotic, aerobic (oxygen-requiring) eubacteria and cholorplasts are the descendants of symbiotic, photsynthetic eubateria.
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| Protists | make up a large, varied group that includes both multicellular and unicellular organisms.
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| Extinction | death of all members of a species
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| mass extinction | episode during which large numbers of species become extinct.
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| Mycorrhizae | biological partnerships formed by early plants and fungi, which enabled them to live on the harsh habitat of bare rock, they are symbiotic associations
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| Mutualism | a relationship between two specieis in which both species benefit
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| arthropod | a kind of animal with a hard outer skeleton, a segmented body, and paired, jointed limbs.
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| vertebrate | an animal with a backbone
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| Continental drift | movement of Earth's land masses over Earth's surface through geologic time.
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| Climate | the prevailing weather conditions in any given area
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| biome | a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land
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| littoral zone | shallow zone near the shore
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| limnetic zone | area that is farther away from the shore but sloce to the surface
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| profundal zone | deep-water zone that is below the limits of effective light penetration
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| plankton | bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and many small invertebrate animals, drift freely in the upper waters of the ocean, diverse community.
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| ecology | the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, slimate, and so on).
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| habitat | the place where a particular population of a species lives
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| community | many different species that live together in a habitat
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| ecosystem or ecological system | consists of a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat, such as the soil, water, and weather
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| abiotic factors | physical aspects of its habitat,
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| biotic factors | organisms in a habitat
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| biodiversity | variety of organisms, their genetic differences, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur
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| pioneer species | the first organisms to live in a new habitat where soil is present tend to be small, fast-growing plants
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| succession | a somewhat regular progression of species replacement
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| primary succession | succession that occurs where life has not existed before
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| secondary succession | succession that occurs in areas where there has been previous growth, such as in abandoned fields or forest clearings
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| biogeochemical cycle | pathway forms when a substance enters living organisms such as trees from the atmosphere, water, or soil; stays for a time in the living organism; then returns to the nonliving environment.
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| ground water | wtater retained beneath the surface of the Earth
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| transpiration | After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves.
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| Carbon cycle | Respiration, combustion, and erosion
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| nitrogen fixation | the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia
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| nitrogen cycle | complex process with four stages: assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification
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| assimilation | absorption and incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds by plants
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| ammonification | production of ammonia by bacteria during the decay of organic matter
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| nitrification | production of nitrate from ammonia
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| denitrification | conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas
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| Sustainable agriculture | farming that remains productive and profitable through practices that help replenish the soil's nutrients, reduce erosion, and control weeds and insect pests.
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| cover crops | keep soil from compacting and washing away, and they help the soil absorb water, also proivde a habitat for beneficial insects, slow the growth of weeds, and keep the ground from overheating
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| rotational grazing | rotating livestock from one area to another, prevent the animals from overgrazing the pasture.
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| primary productivity | rate at which organic material is produced by photsynthetic organisms in an ecosystem
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| producers | plants and some kinds of bateria, and algae, make energy-storing molecules.
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| consumers | all non-producers, consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules
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| trophic level | assigning organisms in that ecosystem to a specific level based on the organisms souce of energy.
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| food chain | path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem
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| herbivores | second trophic level, animals that eat phlants or other primary producers
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| carnivores | 3rd trohpic level, secondary consumers, animals that eat other animals
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| omnivores | both herbivores and carnivores, like bears
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| detritivores | organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at all trophic levles
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| decomposers | bacteria and fungi that cause decay
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| food web | complicated, interconnected group of food chains
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| energy pyramid | diagram in which each trophic level is represented by a flock, and the blocks are each trophic level is represented by a blovk, and the vlocs are stacked on top of one another, with the lowest trophic level on the bottom.
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| biomass | dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem.
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| coevolution | back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of a community
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| predation | act of one organism killing another for food
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| parasitism | one organism feed on and usually lives on or inanother, typically larger, organism. parasites do not usually kill their prey (host). depend on the host for food and a place to live
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| secondary compounds | defensive chemicals
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| symbiosis | two or more species live together in a close, long term association
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| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit.
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| commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
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| competition | two species use the same resource, they participate in a biological interaction
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| niche | the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem
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| fundamental niche | the entire range of resource opportunities an organism is potentially able to occupy within an ecosystem
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