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Stack #94217
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| fossil | preserved or mineralized remains (bone, tooth, or shell) or imprint ofo an organism that lived long ago. |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic prokaryotes. |
| Eubacteria | prokaryotes that contain a chemical called peptidoglycan in thier cell walls. include many bacteria that cause disease and decay. |
| Archaebacteria | prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and have unique lipids in their cell membranes. |
| endosmbiosis | theory proposed in 1966 by the American biologist Lynn Margulis. Proposes that mitochondria are the descendants of symbiotic, aerobic (oxygen-requiring) eubacteria and cholorplasts are the descendants of symbiotic, photsynthetic eubateria. |
| Protists | make up a large, varied group that includes both multicellular and unicellular organisms. |
| Extinction | death of all members of a species |
| mass extinction | episode during which large numbers of species become extinct. |
| Mycorrhizae | biological partnerships formed by early plants and fungi, which enabled them to live on the harsh habitat of bare rock, they are symbiotic associations |
| Mutualism | a relationship between two specieis in which both species benefit |
| arthropod | a kind of animal with a hard outer skeleton, a segmented body, and paired, jointed limbs. |
| vertebrate | an animal with a backbone |
| Continental drift | movement of Earth's land masses over Earth's surface through geologic time. |
| Climate | the prevailing weather conditions in any given area |
| biome | a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land |
| littoral zone | shallow zone near the shore |
| limnetic zone | area that is farther away from the shore but sloce to the surface |
| profundal zone | deep-water zone that is below the limits of effective light penetration |
| plankton | bacteria, algae, fish larvae, and many small invertebrate animals, drift freely in the upper waters of the ocean, diverse community. |
| ecology | the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, slimate, and so on). |
| habitat | the place where a particular population of a species lives |
| community | many different species that live together in a habitat |
| ecosystem or ecological system | consists of a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat, such as the soil, water, and weather |
| abiotic factors | physical aspects of its habitat, |
| biotic factors | organisms in a habitat |
| biodiversity | variety of organisms, their genetic differences, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur |
| pioneer species | the first organisms to live in a new habitat where soil is present tend to be small, fast-growing plants |
| succession | a somewhat regular progression of species replacement |
| primary succession | succession that occurs where life has not existed before |
| secondary succession | succession that occurs in areas where there has been previous growth, such as in abandoned fields or forest clearings |
| biogeochemical cycle | pathway forms when a substance enters living organisms such as trees from the atmosphere, water, or soil; stays for a time in the living organism; then returns to the nonliving environment. |
| ground water | wtater retained beneath the surface of the Earth |
| transpiration | After passing through a plant, the water moves into the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves. |
| Carbon cycle | Respiration, combustion, and erosion |
| nitrogen fixation | the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia |
| nitrogen cycle | complex process with four stages: assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification |
| assimilation | absorption and incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds by plants |
| ammonification | production of ammonia by bacteria during the decay of organic matter |
| nitrification | production of nitrate from ammonia |
| denitrification | conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas |
| Sustainable agriculture | farming that remains productive and profitable through practices that help replenish the soil's nutrients, reduce erosion, and control weeds and insect pests. |
| cover crops | keep soil from compacting and washing away, and they help the soil absorb water, also proivde a habitat for beneficial insects, slow the growth of weeds, and keep the ground from overheating |
| rotational grazing | rotating livestock from one area to another, prevent the animals from overgrazing the pasture. |
| primary productivity | rate at which organic material is produced by photsynthetic organisms in an ecosystem |
| producers | plants and some kinds of bateria, and algae, make energy-storing molecules. |
| consumers | all non-producers, consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules |
| trophic level | assigning organisms in that ecosystem to a specific level based on the organisms souce of energy. |
| food chain | path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem |
| herbivores | second trophic level, animals that eat phlants or other primary producers |
| carnivores | 3rd trohpic level, secondary consumers, animals that eat other animals |
| omnivores | both herbivores and carnivores, like bears |
| detritivores | organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at all trophic levles |
| decomposers | bacteria and fungi that cause decay |
| food web | complicated, interconnected group of food chains |
| energy pyramid | diagram in which each trophic level is represented by a flock, and the blocks are each trophic level is represented by a blovk, and the vlocs are stacked on top of one another, with the lowest trophic level on the bottom. |
| biomass | dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem. |
| coevolution | back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of a community |
| predation | act of one organism killing another for food |
| parasitism | one organism feed on and usually lives on or inanother, typically larger, organism. parasites do not usually kill their prey (host). depend on the host for food and a place to live |
| secondary compounds | defensive chemicals |
| symbiosis | two or more species live together in a close, long term association |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. |
| competition | two species use the same resource, they participate in a biological interaction |
| niche | the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem |
| fundamental niche | the entire range of resource opportunities an organism is potentially able to occupy within an ecosystem |
Created by:
scook