A & P 2 Digestion 1 of 3 stacks
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| occlusal surface (o-KLOO-sal) | The opposing surfaces of the teeth that come into contact when processing food
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| hilum/hilus (HI-lum) | A localized region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and/or other anatomical structures are attached to an organ
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| bicarbonate ions | HCO3-;anion components of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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| enterohepatic circulation | The excretion of bile salts by intestinal cells for return to the liver by the hepatic portal vein
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| aggregated lymphoid nodules | lymphoid nodules beneath the epithelium of the small intestine; also called Peyer's patches.
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| deamination | The removal of an amino group from an amino acid
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| parotid salivary glands | Large salivary glands that secrete a saliva containing high concentrations of salivary (alpha) amylase
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| gingivae | The gums
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| fauces (FAW-sez) | The passage from the mouth to the pharynx, bounded by the palatal arches, the soft palate and the uvula.
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| gluconeogenesis | The synthesis of glucose from protein or lipid precursors.
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| mastication | chewing
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| adventitia (ad-ven-TISH-a) | The superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibers are continuous with those of surrounding tissues, providing support and stabilization.
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| periodontal ligament | Collagen fibers that bind the cementum of a tooth to the periosteum of the surrounding alveolus.
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| soft palate | The fleshy posterior extension of the hard palate, separating the nasopharynx from the oral cavity.
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| gastroenteric reflex | An increase in peristalsis along the small intestine; triggered by the arrival of food in the stomach.
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| appendix | A blind tube connected to the cecum of the large intestine.
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| haustra | Sac-like pouches along the length of the large intestine that result from tension in the taenia coli.
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| hepatocyte | A liver cell.
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| pyloric sphincter | A sphincter of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum
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| secretin | A hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that stimulates the production of buffers by the pancreas and inhibits gastric activity.
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| antibody | A globular protein produced by plasma cells that will bind to specific antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body.
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| ion | An atom or molecule bearing a positive or negative charge due to the donation or acceptance, respectively, of an electron.
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| gastric | Pertaining to the stomach.
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| rectum | The inferior 15 cm (6 in.) of the digestive tract.
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| chymotrypsin | A protease in the small intestine.
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| mucins (MU-sinz) | Proteoglycans responsible for the lubricating properties of mucus.
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| digestive system | The digestive tract and associated glands.
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| chyme (kim or kime) | A semifluid, acidic mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions that forms in the stomach during the early phases of digestion.
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| bowel | The intestinal tract.
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| co-transport & transport of a nutrient | cotransport: The membrane transport of a nutrient (ie glucose) in company w/ the movement of an ion, normally sodium; transport requires a carrier protein but does not involve direct ATP expenditure & can occur regardless of the concentration gradient
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| anus | The external opening of the anal canal.
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| hepatic duct | The duct that carries bile away from the liver lobes and toward the union with the cystic duct.
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| common bile duct | The duct formed by the ion of the cystic duct from the gallbladder and the bile ducts from the liver; terminates at the duodenal ampulla, where it meets the pancreatic duct.
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| micelle (mi-SEL) | A droplet with hydrophilic portions on the outside; a spherical aggregation of bile salts, monoglycerides, and fatty acids in the lumen of the intestinal tract.
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| ligamentum teres | The fibrous strand in the falciform ligament of adults that is the remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetal state.
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| mucous membrane | Mucosa; the epithelium plus the lamina propria.
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| Serous membrane | A squamous epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue; the lining of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.
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| colon | The large intestine.
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| cystic duct | A duct that carries bile between the gallbladder and the common bile duct.
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| carbohydrate | An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio that approximates 1.
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| amylase | An enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides; produced by the salivary glands and pancreas.
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| enterocrinin | A hormone secreted by the lining of the duodenum after exposure to chyme; stimulates the secretion of the submucosal glands.
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| Kupffer cells (KOOP-fer) | Stellate reticular cells of the liver; phagocytic cells of the liver sinusoids.
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| lesser omentum | A small pocket in the mesentery that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.
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| feces | Waste products elimated by the digestive tract at the anus; contains indigestible residue, bacteria, mucus, and epithelial cells.
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| duodenal papilla | A conical projection from the inner surface of the duodenum that contains the opening of the duodenal ampulla.
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| chylomicrons (ki-lo-MI-kronz) | Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system.
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| trypsin (TRIP-sin) | One of the pancreatic proteases.
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| cecum (SE-kum) | An expanded pouch at the start of the large intestine.
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| lamina propria | The reticular tissue that underlies a mucous epithelium and forms part of a mucous membrane.
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