test 1 chapter 2 and 3
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| Measurement is | defined as the application of rules, or specific problems, for assigning numbers to objects
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| Properties of scales | magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute o
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| Magnitude | property of moreness, "John is taller than Sam" or "My team won more games than yours"
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| Equal intervals | if the difference between two other points at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the difference between two other points that differ by the same number of sacle units. Represent Linearly as Y=a+bX
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| Absolute 0 | is obtained when nothing of the property being measured exists. Ex. 0 shyness very rare
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| Types of Scales | Nominal, Ordinal, Equal Intervals, and Ratio
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| Nominal Scale | not really scales at all, their only purpose is to name objects. Ex. numbers on the back of a football players jersey.
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| Ordinal Scale | allows you to rank individuals or objects but not to say anything about the meaning of the differences between the ranks. Ex. Ranking classmates by height
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| IQ test have the property of | magnitude not equal intervals, or absolute 0
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| Interval Scale | the measurement of temperature degrees. Because we can see that 65 is warmer than 64 and 10 degree differnce can apply to anwhere on the scale
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| ratio scale | has all three properties.
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| contains no properties of of a scale | nominal
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| contains only magnitude | Ordinal
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| Contains all three properties | Ratio
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| contains magnitude and equal intervals | Interval
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| PErcentages scores on an exam | Ratio
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| Grade point average | Interval
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| Political party membership | Nominal
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| USDA stickers on meat (prime, lean) | Ordinal
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| Time | Ratio
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| Mathmatical operations cannot be applie to | nominal data
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| some mathmatical operations can be applied to....... data, but the results are sometimes difficult to interpret | ordinal
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| Most mathmatical operations can be applied to | Interval Data
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| all mathmatical operations can be applied | ratio data
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| Frequency distribution | displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was obtained.
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| most Frequency distributions take on a | bell shaped, with the greatest frequency of scores toward the center of the distribution and decreasing scores as the values become greater.
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| class interval | is the unit on the horozontal axis.
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| Percentile rank ask the question | "what percent of the scores fall below the particular score"
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| Percentiles are | specific scores or points within a distribution. Divide the total frequency for a set of observations into hundredths.
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| Mean is | the average score in a distribution
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| standard deviation | is an approximation of the average deviation around the mean.
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| z scores transforms | data into standardized units that are easier to interpret.
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| standard normal deviation | bell-shaped curve. The more spread out the units are the higher the SD
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| Measures of variability include three: | Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
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| Measures of central Tendency | Mode, Mean, Median
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| Mode | most frequent. Would be the highest bar on a histogram.
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| Median | the value that seperates the top half from the bottom half. Ex. 4, 6, 8 = 6
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| If your scores are skewed you should use the ...... Measure of Central Tendency | Median
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| Range | Is the lowest and highest score + 1 (only takes into account for two scores)
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| Skew tail to right/left | is positive/negative
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| Raw Score | Persons actual score, cant tell how high a score is without a frame of reference.
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| Frame of Reference | Norm-reference or Criterion-referenced
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| Norm Reference test | compares each person with a norm.
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| Criterion-refereced test | describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate such as math skills. Not used to compare among other students.
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| Examples of a norms | mean, standard deviation, percentiles, z-scores, and t-scores
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| If you lined children up according to their weight, from hightest to lowest, you would be usaing a ....... scale | ordinal
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| a scatter diagram | is a picture of the relationship between two variables
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| a correlation coefficient (r) | is the number that describes the relationship between two variables
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| correlation coefficient tells you two things | magnitude and direction(positive or negative)
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| Regression line | the fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram
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| Regression equation is | Y'=a+bx
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| b repressents the | regression coefficient, tells you the slope of the line.
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| Factor Analysis | used to stuy the interrelationships among a set of variables without reference to a criterion. Data-reduction techniqu
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