Final Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Three Main Classifications of Injury: | acute, chronic, catastrophic
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| acute injury- | rapid onset, resulting from traumatic event
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| chronic injury- | slow, insidious onset, implying gradual development of structural damage
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| catastrophic injury- | involving damage to brain and/or spinal cord that presents a potentially life threatening situation or possibility of permanent disability
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| R I C E | Rest Ice Compression Elevation
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| sprains- | injuries to ligaments
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| strains- | njuries to muscles, tendons, or junction between the two
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| contusions- | bruising
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| fractures- | a break or crack in bone
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| What are the types of compression? | circumferential, collateral, and focal
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| Circumferential compression- | even compression everywhere
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| Collateral compression- | compression on only two sides
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| Focal compression- | direct pressure
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| Temperature for cold modalities | 32-65 degrees F
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| Temperature for heat modalities | 104-113 degrees F
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| What are the four ways heat transfers? | conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation
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| conduction- | direct contact
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| convection- | circulation between surface and moving medium
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| radiation- | (heat lamps) penetration by beams (electromagnetic waves)
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| evaporation | heat escaping liquid-gas transfer
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| Effects of Cold Application- | vasoconstriction, decreased cell metabolism, decreased production of cell waste, reduction in inflammation, decreased pain, decreased muscle spasm
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| types of superficial heat- | infared lamps, moist heat packs, paraffin bath, warm whirlpool
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| deep heat- | diathermy
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| when to use cold? | acute stage of inflammation, before ROM, after physical activity
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| when to use heat? | control of inflammation in sub acute or chronic stages, encourage tissue healing, reduce edema
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| therapeutic ultrasound | electricity passes through a crystal producing acoustical sound waves
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| transmission of ultrasound- | needs medium for travel (gel or water)
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| frequencies of ultrasound are.. | 1 MHz- 5 cm deep and 3 MHz -2 cm deep
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| Coupling techniques- | direct, water immersion, and bladder method
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| uses for E-stim: | pain management, muscle re-education, and reduces swelling
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| types of E-stim currents: | direct (galvinic), alternating (premod, inferential)
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| direct galvinic e-stim current= | muscle education and muscle pumping
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| alternating premod inferential current= | pain management
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| frequencies for e-stim | 1-10 MHz = opiate release, 30-60 MHz = muscle strengthening, 80 -150 pain management
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| HOPS | History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests
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| ACL tear MOI (mechanism of injury) | internal rotation, valgus load, usually hear single pop
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| ACL special tests- | Lachmann and anterior drawer
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| treatment of ACL- | acute= RICE, knee immobilizer, crutches followed by referral to Doc for surgery
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| PCL tear MOI | fall on bent knee
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| PCL special tests | posterior sag, posterior drawer
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| treatment of PCL- | same as ACL
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| knee dislocation- | 3-4 ligaments involved (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL) activate EMS
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| patella dislocation/subluxation- | 2 pops, extend knee to relocate
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| special tests for sublux- | apprehension in sliding patella to side
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| how to treat sublux- | relocate, MRI, build quad strength, stability of joint,
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| osgood schlatter | calcium deposits especially during growth spurts cause is overuse treatment is control inflammation and rest
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| Meniscus MOI | twisting motion, contusion, violent trauma, overuse
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| special tests for Meniscus | McMurray's and Appley's
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| treatment for meniscus- | RICE, refer surgery, if removed (4-6 wk) if repaired (6-8wk)
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| knee tendon injuries are | patella tendonitis (jumper's knee) and IT band tendonitis (runners knee)
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| treatment for knee tendon injuries | heat pre activity, ice post activity, brace
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| 3 choices for ACL repair- | 1) BPB- bone patella bone central 1/3 tendon is cut out sewn together and used as graft 2) hamstring- smaller incision, for smaller patients (not above 210lbs) 3) allograph (use cadaver)
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| what is the pop from that you hear with ACL injury? | usually from femoral condyle bumping tibial plateau
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| Appley's compression/distension test | + compression with - distension = + test for meniscus
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| quick test for patella fracture | straight leg raise
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| what are the steps for ankle taping? | pre-wrap, anchors (2 on top, 1 on base), alternate 3 stirrups and 3 horse shoes, heel lock (1 on each side), Figure 8, cover-up
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