Respiratory System
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| vibrissae | nose hairs
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| olfactory mucosa | lining the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity, contains receptors for the sense of smell
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| respiratory mucosa | balance of the nasal cavity mucosa is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containg scattered goblet cells
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| lysozyme | type of mucus sectreted by glands
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| defensins | secrete by epithelial cells of the rspiratory mucosa that are natural antibiotics that help to get rid of invading microbes
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| meatus | inferior groove into each concha
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| name the 3 regions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx
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| pharyngeal tonsil | located on the posterior walls of the nasopharynx; traps & destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air
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| name the two kinds of tonsils that lie embeded in the oropharyngeal mucosa | pired palatine tonsils; & lingual tonsil
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| laryngopharynx | common passageway for food & air & is line w. a stratified squamous eithelium
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| name the functions of the larynx | provide a patent(open) airway, to act as a sqitching mechanism to route air & food into the proper channels & voice production (bc it houses the vocal cords)
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| vocal ligaments | lies under the laryngeal mucosa on each side; attaches the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
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| laryngitis | inflammation of the vocal folds; causes vocal folds to swell, interferin w their vibration; also caused by overuse of voice, very dry air, bacterial infections rumors & inhalation of irritating chems
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| Valsalva's maneuver | when the abdomnal muscles contract & the intraabdominal pressure rises; heling to empty the rectum or bladder & can also splint (stabilize) the body trunk when 1 lifts a heavy load
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| submucosa | a connective tissue layer deep to themucosa, contains seromucousglands that help produce the mucus "sheets" within the trachea
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| adventitia | outermost layer that is a connective tissue layer that is reinforced internally by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage & is perfused tot eh perichondrium of theses cartilages
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| carina | a spar of cartilage that projects posteriorly from its inner face marking the point where the trachea ends by splitting into the two primary bronchi
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| secondary (lobar) bronchi | once inside the lungs, each primary bronchus subdivides into this; there are three on the right side & 2 on the left (each of which supplies one lung lobe)
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| tertiary (segmental) bronchi | what the secondary bronchi branch divides into; divide repeatedly into smaller & smaller bronchi
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| bronchioles | when air passages are under 1 mm in diameter
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| bronchial or respiratory tree | the branching pattern, conducting network withing the lungs
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| respiratory zone | defined by the presence of thin-walled air sacs called alveoli
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| name the hierchy of the respiratory zone | terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs
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| where does the actual exchange of gas occur | in the alveoli
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| Type I cells | a single laer of squamous epithelial cells that the walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of; their surrounded by a flimsy basal lamina
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| respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) | alveolar-capillary membrane; the combination of the alveolar & capillary walls and their fused basal laminas; has gas on one side & blood flowing past on the other
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| oxygen passes from the ___ into the blood | alveolus
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| carbond dioxide ____ the blood to enter the gasfilled alveolus | blood
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| type I cells are the primary source of | ACE;angiotensin converting enzyme; plays a role in blood pressure regulation
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| type II cells | secret a fluid containing surfactant that coats the gasexposed alveolar surfaces
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| alveolar pores | allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized & provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed through disease
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| alveolar macrophages | crawl freely along the internal alveolar surfaces (AKA dust cells)
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| hilus | an indentation on the medial (mediasinal) surface of each lungq
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| what subdivides the left lung into tow lobes | the oblique fissure
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| what subdivides the right lung into 3 lobes? | the oblique & horizontal fissures
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| bronchopulmonary segments | a certain amount of pyramid shaped segments present in each lung lobe; they are separated from one another by connective tissue septa; each sement is served by its own artery & vein & receives air from an individual segmental bronchus
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| each lung contains __ bronchopulmonary segments arranged in similar patterns | 10
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| what is the importance of bronchopulmonary segments | when a pulmonary disease occurs it is often confined to one or a few bronchopulmonary segments
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| lobule | the smallest subdivision of the lung visible with the naked eye; each one is served by a large bronchiole & its branches
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| stroma | balance of lung tissue
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| pulmonary arteries | lie anterior to the primary bronchi; deliver systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs
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| pulmonary capilary networks | fed off of the pulmonary arteries; surrond the alveoli
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| pulmonary veins | conveys freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart
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| bronchial arteries | provide systemic blood to the lung tissues, arise from the aorta & enter the lungs at the hilus
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| pulmonary plexus | the transport vehicle for nerve fibers to enter each lung; located on the lung root & run along the bronchial tubes & blood vessels within the lungs
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| pleurae | forma thin, double-layered serosa
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| parietal pleura | covers the thoracic wall & superior face of the diaphragm; continues aroung the heart & between the lungs, forming the lateral walls of the mediasinal enclosure & snugly enclosing the root of the lung
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| visceral/pulmonary pleura | an extension of the pleura that covers the external lung surface, dipping into & lining its fissures
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| pleurisy | inflammati of the pleurae; often results fm pneumonia; pleural surfaces become dry & rough or over fluidized
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| name the two phases of pulmonary ventilation | inspiration & expiration
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| inspiration | period when air flows into the lungs
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| expiration | period when gases exit the lungs
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| intrapulmonary pressure | (Palv) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs (rises & falls with the phases of breathing)
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| intrapleural pressure | (Pip) pressure within the pleural cavity; always about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli
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| fluids move from | high to low pressure
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| transpulmonary pressure | the difference between teh intrapulmonary & intrapleural pressures (Palv - Pip); keeps the airspaces of the lungs open/keeps lungs from collapsing
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| atelectasis | lung collase, occurs when air enters the pleural cavity through a chest wounds, or a rupture of the visceral pleura which allows air to enter the pleural cavity from th rspiratory trat
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| pneumothorax | the presence of air in the intrapleural space; can be reversed by closing the "hole" & drawing air out of the intrapleural space w chest tubes allowing the lung to reinflate & resume its normal function
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| pulmonary ventilation depends on | volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity
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| volume changes lead to ______ which lead to the _____ to equalize the pressure | pressure changes; flow of gases
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| Boyles' law | ideal gas law; states the relationship between the pressure & volume of gases; when a temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely w/ its volume
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| name the inspiratory muscles | the diaphragm & the intercostal muscles
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| when P-avl > P atm the pressure gradient forces gases to | flow out of the lungs
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| F= delta P/ R | shows the relationship between gas flow, prssure & resistance
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| gas flow changes ___ w. resistance | inversely (gas flow decreases as resistance increases
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| surfactant | a detergen-like complex of lipids & proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells
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| IRDS (infant respiratory distress syndrome) | causes when too little surfactant is present, surface tension forces can collapse the alveoli; treated with positive pressure respirators that force air into the alveoli
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| FRC; functional resdual capacity | combined residual & expiratory reserve volumes & represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
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| VC; vital capacity | total amount of exchangeable air (sum of tidal, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve volumes) 4800 ml
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| TLC; total lung capacity | the sum of all lng volumes & is normally around 6000 ml in males
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| minute/total ventilation | the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the rspiratory tract in 1 min
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| FVC; forced vital capacity | measures the amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath & then forcefully exhales maximally & as rapidly as possible
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| FEV; forced expiratory volume | determines the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
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| how is alveolar ventilation computed? | AVR(ml/min)= frequency (breaths/min) x (TV - dead space)(ml/breath)
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| Dalton's law of partial pressures | the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
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| partial pressure | the pressure exerted by each gas; it is directly proportional to its percentage in the total gas mixture
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| Henry's law | when a mixture of gases is in contact w/ a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
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| oxygen toxicity | develops rapidly when the P 02 is greater than 2.5-3 atomospheres
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| deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)/reduced hemoglobin | hemoglobin that has released oxygen
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| Bohr effect | oxygen unloading is accelerated where it is most needed
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| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
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| anemic hypoxia | reflects poor oxygen delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from too few RBC or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin
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| ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia | results when blood circulation is impaired or blocked
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| histotixic hypoxia | occurs when blody cells are unable to use oxygen even though adequate amounts ar delivered
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| hypoxemic (hypoxic) hypoxia | indicated by reduced arterial P o2
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| carbon monoxide poisoning | unique type of hypoxemic hypoxia & is the leading cause of death from fire
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| carbaminohemoglobin | carries just over 20% of transported carbon dioxide thats carried within RBC
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| carbonic anhydrase | an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide & water to carbonic acid
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| chloride shift | the ionci exchange process; a rapid outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBC chloride ions (Cl-) move from the plama into the erythrocytes
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| Haldane effect | reflects the greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin & to buffer H+ by combining with it
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| carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system | (if the hydrogen ion concentration in blood begins to rise, excess H+ is removed by combining w. HCO3- to form carbonic acid (a weak acid that disociates very little at either physiological or acidic pH) (if H+ concentration drops below desirable levels i
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| eupnea | normal respiratory rate & rhythm
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| peumotaxic center | the more superior pons center continuously transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center of the medulla
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| apneustic center | appears to provide inspiratory drive by continuously stimulateding themedullary inspiratory center
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Created by:
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