digestion system a&p
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| Ingestion | occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth.
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| Mechanical Processing | crushing and shearing that makes materials easier to propel along the digestive tract
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| Digestion | the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments suitable for absorption by the digestive epithelium.
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| Secretion | the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs.
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| Absorption | the movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract.
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| Excretion | the removal of waste products from body fluids.
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| The lining of the digestive tract plays a protective role by safeguarding surrounding tissues against: | 1. The corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes 2. Mechanical stresses, such as abrasion 3. Bacteria that either are swallowed with food or reside in digestive tract.
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| Visceral Peritoneum | covers organs within the peritoneal cavity
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| Parietal Peritoneum | lines the inner surfaces of the body wall
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| Mesentery | double sheets of peritoneal membrane
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| Lesser omentum | stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving the liver
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| Falciform Ligament | helps stabilize the position of the liver relative to the diaphragm and abdominal wall
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| The major layers of the digestive tract: | 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa
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| Mucosa | Inner lining of the digestive tract
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| Enteroendocrine Cells | secretes hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and the accessory glands.
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| ENS | enteral nervous system
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| enteral nervous system | digestive tract nervous network (parasympathetic nervous system)
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| ENS regulates | gut motility and secretion
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| esophagus | hollow tube that extends from the mouth to the stomach
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| Four functions of the digestive system | ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination.
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| mastication | the process of chewing
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| deciduous teeth | baby teeth
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| permanent teeth number | 32
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| Three parts of a tooth | crown, neck, root
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| Dentin | teeth consist mostly of this bone like material
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| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums
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| pulp | supplies the tooth with sensation and nutrients
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| stomatitis | ulcers of the mouth area
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| three pairs of salivary glands | parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
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| salivary glands secreate | saliva
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| three parts of the pharynx | nasopharynx oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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| epiglottis | covers the trachea when swallowing
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| food tube | esophagus
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| pharyngoesophageal sphincter | at the top of the esophagus
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| gastroesophageal sphincter | at the bottom of the esophagus (prevents reflux)
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| regurgitation | reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus
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| (5) stomach functions | secretes gastric juice, secretes gastric hormones and intrinsic factor, regulates rate partially digested food is delivered to the small intestine, digestion of food, absorption of small quantities of water and dissolved substances.
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| (4) regions of the stomach | fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter
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| rugae | allows the stomach to expand, thick folds in the stomach
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| chyme | thick paste like mixture of food with gastric juices in stomach
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| glands of stomach contain (3)secretory cells | mucus cells, chief cells, parietal cells
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| mucus cells secrete | mucus
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| chief cells secrete | digestive enzymes
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| parietal cells secrete | hydrochloric acid (HCL)
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| vomiting or emesis is caused from | emetic reflex controlled by the medulla oblongata
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| what does "don't rush to flush" mean? | valuable information can be obtained through observation of emesis (vomit)
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| ulcer | lesion (some caused by H pylori
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| hiatal hernia | when the stomach protrudes (herniates) from the abdominal cavity into the thoracic cavity.
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| pyloric stenosis | pyloris is too narrow and slows the movement of food out of the stomach.
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| small intestine length | about 20 feet
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| What does Dow Jones Industrial have to do with the small intestine | Duodenum, Jejuum, Ileum
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| duodenum | first part of the small intestines, most digestion and absorption occur here
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| jejunum | second segment of the small intestine
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| ileum | third segment of the small intestine, contains Peyer's patches
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| large intestine also called | colon
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| parts of the colon | cecum, (appendix), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
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| Behind the sigmoid | rectum, anal canal, and anus
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| anus is composed of 2 muscles | (involuntary) internal sphincter, and voluntary external sphincter
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| feces | waste composed of nondigestible food residue and forms stool
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| defecation | expulsion of feces
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| (4) functions of the large intestine | absorption of water and certain electrolytes, synthesis of certain vitamins (K and B), Temporary storage of feces (waste), elimination of waste from the body (defecation)
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| fast movement through large intestine causes | diarrhea
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| slow movement through the large intestine causes | constipaiton
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| Hirschsprung's disease | congenital disorder with a lack of the enteral nerve network in the distal colon. No urge to defecate. (also called megacolon)
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| how much bacteria is in feces | about 30% of feces is bacterial content
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| normal flora | bacteria normally in the intestinal tract
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| borborygmus | "to rumble", stomach growls
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| flatus | expelled gas
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| 500 ml/day | amount of gas the average person expells a day.
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| volvulus | bowel becomes twisted on itself
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| proctologist | physician for the rectal area
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| function of the liver(6) | synthesis of plasma proteins, bile salts and release of bile.storage of many substances (glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, and vitamin b12), detoxification, excretion, metabolism of carbs, protein, fats, and Phagocytosis
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