CST 229 Chapter 3 Vocabulary
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| Values | shared ideas about what counts as important or unimportant, right or wrong, what is fair or unfair, and what counts as ethical or unethical conduct
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| Ingroups | groups with whom we feel emotionally close and with whom we share an interdependent fate, such as family or extended family, our sorority or fraternity, or people from our own cultural or ethnic group
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| Outgroups | groups with whom we feel no emotional ties, and at times, we may experience great psychological distance from them and even feel competitive against them
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| Individualism | refers to the broad value tendencies of a culture in emphasizing the importance of individual identity over group identity, individual rights over group rights, and individual needs over group needs
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| Collectivism | refers to the broad value tendencies of a culture in emphasizing the importance of the "we" identity over the "I" identity, group rights over individual rights, and ingroup needs over individual wants and desires
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| Ingroup Collectivism | refers to the sentiment of loyalty and solidarity between the employee and his organization or ingroup cmomunity
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| Institutional collectivism | refers to the sentimental perspective in enforcing ingroup norms, cohesion, and conformity
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| Small Power Distance Cultures | tend to value equal power distributions, equal rights and relations, and equitable rewards and punishments on the basis of performance
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| Large Power Distance Cultures | tend to accept unequal power distributions, hierarchical rights, asymmetrical role relations, and rewards and punishments based on age, rank, status, title, and seniority
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| Weak (or low) Uncertainty Avoidance | cultures encourage risk-taking and conflict-approaching modes
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| Strong (or high) Uncertainty Avoidance | cultures prefer clear procedures and conflict-avoidance behaviors
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| Femininity | pertains to societies in which social gender roles are fluid and can overlap - that is, whatever a woman can do, a man can do
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| Masculinity | pertains to societies in which social gender roles are clearly complementary and distinct
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| The "Doing" Solution | means achievement-oriented activities
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| The "Being" Solution | means living with emotional vitality and being relationally connected with significant others
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| The "Being-in-Becoming" Solution | means living with an emphasis on spiritual renewal and regeneration
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| Controlling or mastering their environment | they can also increase their productivity and efficiency in accumulation material security and comfort
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| Harmony-with-Nature; "Flowing" Value Solution | tend to emphasize spiritual transformation and enlightenment rather than material gain
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| Subjugation-to-Nature; "Yielding" Value Solution | tend to be more fatalistic than individuals who subscribe to the controlling nature value solution
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| Karma | involves fatalism, which has shaped the Indian philosophical view of life over the centuries
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| Future-Oriented Time Sense | means planning for desirable short-to-medium term developments and setting out clear objectives to realize them
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| Present-Oriented Time Sense | means valuing the here and now, especially the interpersonal relationships that are unfolding currently
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| Past-Oriented Time Sense | means honoring historic and ancestral ties plus respecting the wisdom of the elders
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| Independent Self-Construal | involves the view that an individual is a unique entity with an individuated repetoire of feelings, cognitions, and motivations
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| Interdependent Self-Construal | involves emphasis on the importance of fitting in with relevant others and ingroup connectedness
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| Horizontal Self-Construal | prefer informal-symmetrical interactions regardless of people's position, status, rank, or age
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| Vertical Self-Construal | prefer formal-assymmetrical interactions with due respect to people's position, titles, life experiences, and age
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| Internal Locus of Control | tend to emphasize free will, individual motivation, personal effort, and personal responsibility over the success or failure of an assignment
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| External Locus of Control | emphasize external determinism, karma, fate, and external forces shaping a person's life happenings and events
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