LECOM Path Ch 21 The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphocyte aggregates forming germinal centers in subepithelium of ureters Dx? | ureteritis follicularis
🗑
|
||||
| Fine cysts lined by flattened urothelium in ureters Dx? | ureteritis cystica
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous proliferative inflammatory process encasing retroperitoneal stuctures and can cause hydronephrosis. Dx? 2 Drug causes, name of idiopathic Dx? | Sclerosisng Retroperitoneal Fibrosis; ergot derivatives, Beta blockers; Ormond disease
🗑
|
||||
| MC type of bladder diverticula | acquired
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of acquired bladder diverticula | prostate enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| Developmental defect in anterior wall of abdomen and bladder. Dx and predisposes to? | Exstrophy and adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| 20-40% of bladder adenocarcinomas arise from these | urachal cysts
🗑
|
||||
| 4 MCC of infectious cystitis | E.coli; Proteus; Klebsiella; Enterobacter
🗑
|
||||
| Common cause of cystitis in Egypt and what it predisposes to? | Schistosomiasis; squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| 2 common causes of hemorrhagic cystitis | cyclophosphamide and adenovirus
🗑
|
||||
| Aggregates of lymphocytes into follicles in bladder mucosa Dx? | Follicular cystitis
🗑
|
||||
| Persistant, painful form of chronic cystitis usually in women, no sign of infection, fissures and punctate hemorrhages in bladder mucosa Dx? | Interstitial cystitis/ Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Yellow/white plaque, with large, foamy macrophages with multinucleated giant cells Dx? | malacoplakia
🗑
|
||||
| BUZZ: Michaelis-Gutmann bodies Dx? And description | malacoplakia; laminated mineral concretions of calcium in lysosomes in macrophages
🗑
|
||||
| 2 MC infections associated with malacoplakia? | E.coli and Proteus
🗑
|
||||
| Nests of urothelium growing downward into lamina propria with epithemial transformation into cuboidal or columnar epithelium Dx? | Cystiitis glandularis
🗑
|
||||
| Nests of urothelium growing downward into lamina propria with epithemial transformation into cystic spaces filled with clear fluid lined by flattened urothelium Dx? | Cystiitis cystica
🗑
|
||||
| Lesions in bladder that resemble renal tubules with cuboidal epithelium | Nephrogenic Adenoma
🗑
|
||||
| MC origin of bladder tumors | epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| 2 precurson lesions of invasive urothelial cancer; in order | MC non-invasive papillary tumor; CIS/flat non-invasive urothelial carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Epithelial lesion with cytologic malignant changes, confined to epithelium without BM invasion. Dx? | CIS
🗑
|
||||
| With invasive bladder cancer, the major decrease in survival is associated with what? | invasion of the muscularis propria
🗑
|
||||
| 4 levels of WHO/ISUP Grades of urothelial tumors | urothelial papilloma; urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential; Papillary carcinoma, low grade; “”, high grade
🗑
|
||||
| 2 Differences in Papilloma and PUNLMP | thicker urothelium or diffuse nuclear enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| Mass of orderly, evenly spaced cells, with scattered hyperchromic muclei and infrequent mitotic figures; in bladder. Dx? | Low-Grade papillary urothelial carcinomas
🗑
|
||||
| Mass of disordered cells in bladder; large hyperchromatic nuclei, frequent mitotic figures Dx? | Hig-grade papillary urothelial cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Likelihood of Low and High grade bladder cancers to invade | 10% and 80%
🗑
|
||||
| MC metastatic spread of invasive bladder CA | regional lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Untreated CIS progresses to what? And how often? | muscularly invasive cancer 50-75%
🗑
|
||||
| Most important factor at determining outlook for invasive urothelial cancer ? | extent of spread/staging
🗑
|
||||
| 7 Staging of bladder carcinoma goes from what to what ? | Ta;Tis;T1;T2;T3a;T3b;T4
🗑
|
||||
| 7 Levels of invasion for staging of bladder cancer | non-invasive/papillary; CIS; Lamina Propria; Muscularis propria; microscopic extra-vesicular invasion; grow exra-vesicular invasion; Invades adjacent structures
🗑
|
||||
| Most important influence/ risk factor for urothelial bladder cancer | cigarette smoking
🗑
|
||||
| 2 genetic implications in bladder cancer | chromosome 9: p16(INK4a); 17p: p53
🗑
|
||||
| Can be the only symptom is bladder tumors | painless hematuria
🗑
|
||||
| Do urothelial tumors tend to come back / show new growths after excision? | yes
🗑
|
||||
| 10 yr survival for Papillomas, PUNLMP, and low grade papillary carcinomas | 98%
🗑
|
||||
| Likelihood of death in High grade Papillary urothhelial carcinoma | 25%
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of bladder obstruction in men | prostatic enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of bladder obstruction in women | cystocele
🗑
|
||||
| Signs of early bladder obstruction | smooth muscle hypertrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Progressive bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy secondary to obstruction leads to ? | trabeculation of the bladder wall
🗑
|
||||
| Acute or terminal bladder obstruction can cause | gross dilation of the bladder
🗑
|
||||
| 2 classifications of urethritis | gonococcal and non-gonococcal
🗑
|
||||
| 25-60% of non-gonococcal urethritis in men is caused by | Chlamydia
🗑
|
||||
| Other common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis (not chlamydia) | mycoplasma (ureaplasma)
🗑
|
||||
| MC congenital abnormality of urethral malformation | hypospades
🗑
|
||||
| HPV type most associated with condyloma acuminatum | type 11
🗑
|
||||
| Solitary, thickened gray-white opaque plaque on the shaft of a 50yo man. Dysplastic cells, numerous mitosis, hyperchromatic nuclei, intact BM. Dx? | Bowen disease
🗑
|
||||
| Multiple reddish brown popular lesions on a 20yo sexually active males shaft, dysplastic cells, intact BM. Dx? | Bowenoid papulosis
🗑
|
||||
| HPV type associated with bowen disease | HPV type 16
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is more common where… | people aren’t circumcised
🗑
|
||||
| HPV associated with squamous cell carcinoma (2) | HPV type 16 and 18
🗑
|
||||
| 1st phase of testicular descent is mediated by what? | mullerion-inhibiting substance
🗑
|
||||
| 2nd phase of testicular descent is mediated by what? | androgen induced releace of calcitonin gene-related peptide
🗑
|
||||
| Cells spared in testicular wasting in cryptorchidism | Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
🗑
|
||||
| Findings of testicular atrophy in cryptorchidism | thickened BM, tubules appear as dense cords of hyaline connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Syphilis affects what area in the scrotum first? | testis
🗑
|
||||
| Gonorrhea and tuberculosis affect what area in the scrotum first? | epididymis
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of epididymitis in children | gram negative rods
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of epididymitis in sexually active men under 35 | c. trachomatic and N. gonorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| MCC of epididymitis in men over 35? | E.coli and pseudomonas
🗑
|
||||
| Diffuse granulomatous reaction throughout testis and confined to the seminiferous tubules Dx? | Granulomatous/Autoimmune Orchitis
🗑
|
||||
| Frank abscess in the epididymis is characteristic of | gonorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| 1 week after parotid glands start to well in 20yo male he has pain in his testicles Dx? | mumps
🗑
|
||||
| Caseating granulomas throughout testicle, in all tissue, but started in the epididymis Dx? | tuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular pain with edema, obliterative endarteritis with perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and plasma cells Dx? | Syphilis
🗑
|
||||
| 95% of testicular tumors arise from | germ cells
🗑
|
||||
| MC tumor of men from 15-34 | germ cell tumors of the testicles
🗑
|
||||
| Most important risk factor for Germ cell tumors of the testicle | cryptorchidism
🗑
|
||||
| MC testicular tumor | seminoma
🗑
|
||||
| Invasive tumors of the testicles all have this chromosomal change | additional copies of 12p
🗑
|
||||
| Seminomas and precursor ITGCN lesions retain expression of what 2 proteins | OCT3/4 and NANOG
🗑
|
||||
| Large testicular mass; homogenous, grey-white, lobulated with no hemorrhage or necrosis Dx? | classical seminoma
🗑
|
||||
| Seminoma cells are usually positive for what 3 markers | c-KIT, OCT3/4, PLAP
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular mass, cells are large, round, distinct cell membrane, clear cytoplasm, large central nuclei w/ nucleoli. No hemorrhage or necrosis Dx? | seminoma
🗑
|
||||
| Other histologic finding in seminomas | ill-formed granulomas, lymphocytes, synciotrophoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Difference in seminoma vs spermatocytic seminoma | older age, doesn’t mets, no lymphs, granulomas or synciotrophoblasts, also have 3 different types of cells
🗑
|
||||
| Age group of embryonal carcinoma | 20-30
🗑
|
||||
| Seminoma and embryonal carcinoma share and differ in what markers | share OCT3/4 and PLAP; Differ: Embryonal carcinoma is c-KIT negative and cytokeratin and CD30 positive
🗑
|
||||
| Poorly demarked testicular mass, with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis, cells large, indistinct borders, anaplastic with epithelial appearance, mitotic figures and giant cells present. Locally invasive. Dx? | embryonal carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| MC testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3yo | yolk sac tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor cells positive for AFP and alpha 1 antitrypsin are | yolk sac tumors
🗑
|
||||
| Spread of testicular tumors | lymph to retroperitoneal para-aortic nodes and hematogenous spread to lungs
🗑
|
||||
| Seminomas present in what clinical stage | Stage 1, local
🗑
|
||||
| NSGCT presents in what stage | Stage 2 or 3 in 60% of cases
🗑
|
||||
| These tumors metastasize earlier and use hematogenous spread more often | NSGCT
🗑
|
||||
| Elevation of this in the blood relates to the size of a testicular tumor | lactate dehydrogenase
🗑
|
||||
| Gynecomastia is a presenting symptom in what tumor | Leydig cell tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Golden-brown cut surface of 5mm nodules in testicle. Large round cells, abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm with rod shaped crystaloids of Reinke Dx? | Leydig cell tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Firm small nodules in testicle, grey-white/yellow cut surface, with corlike structures and tubules Dx? | Sertoli Cell tumors
🗑
|
||||
| MC testicular neoplasm in men over 60yo | aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| Most hyperplasias arise in what zone of the prostate? | transitional zone
🗑
|
||||
| Carcinomas usually arise in what zone of the prostate? | peripheral
🗑
|
||||
| The main component of the hyperplastic process in BPH is | impaired cell death
🗑
|
||||
| Main androgen in the prostate | DHT
🗑
|
||||
| Enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT and where it is found | type II 5alpha reductase; stromal cells
🗑
|
||||
| Most important factor mediating paracrine regulation of androgen timulated prostatic growth | FGF-7
🗑
|
||||
| Hallmark of BPH grossly is | nodularity
🗑
|
||||
| MC used and effective medical treatment of BPH is | alpha blockers
🗑
|
||||
| MC form of cancer in men in the US is | adenocarcinoma of the prostate
🗑
|
||||
| 2 MC causes of cancer mortality in men in the US | colorectal and prostatic
🗑
|
||||
| Someone with the shortest CAG repeats in X-linked AR gene are more or less likely to have prostate cancer? | more likely black and whites have short CAG repeats
🗑
|
||||
| Overexpression of this transcription factor makes prostate cells more invasive | ETS
🗑
|
||||
| How does prostate cancer mets? | lymph first to obturator nodes then para-aortic. Blood to the bones of the axial skeleton
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
csheck
Popular Science sets