Disease/findings vs. Most common/important associations
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| Actinic (solar) keratosis | Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
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| Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury | Cushing's ulcer (increase ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
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| Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns | Culing's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric muscosa)
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| Alterating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon | Skip lesion (Crohn's disease)
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| Aneurysm, dissecting | Hypertension
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| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta | Atherosclerosis
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| Aortic aneurysm, ascending | Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
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| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies | Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion
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| Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) | Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
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| Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer | H. pylori
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| Bacterial meningitis (adult and elderly) | Neisseria meningitidis
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| Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) | Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
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| Benign melanocytic nevus | Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
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| Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency | Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
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| Brain tumor (adults) | Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
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| Brain tumor (kids) | Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
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| Breast cancer | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
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| Breast mass | 1. Fibrocystic change
2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
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| Breast tumor (benign) | Fibroadenoma
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| Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) | Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
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| Cardiac manifestation of lupus | Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
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| Cardiac tumor (adults) | 1. Metastasis
2. 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
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| Cerebellar tonsillar herniation | Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
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| Chronic arrhythmia | Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
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| Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
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| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure in utero
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| Compression fracture | Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
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| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension | 21-hydroxylase deficiency
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| Congenital cardiac anomaly | VSD
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| Congenital conjugated hyperilirubinemia (black liver) | Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
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| Constrictive pericarditis | Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
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| Coronary artery involved in thrombosis | LAD > RCA > LCA
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| Cretinism | Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
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| Cushing's syndrome | 1. Corticosteroid therapy
2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
3. Small cell lung carcinoma
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| Cyanosis (early; less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
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| Cyanosis (late; more common) | VSD, ASD, PDA
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| Death in CML | Blast crisis
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| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy
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| Dementia | 1. Alzheimer's disease
2. Multiple infracts
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| Demyelinating disease in young women | multiple sclerosis
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| DIC | Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
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| Dietary deficit | Iron
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| Diverticulum in pharynx | Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
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| Ejection click | Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
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| Esophageal cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
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| Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) | S. aureus, B. cereus
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| Glomerulonephritis (adults) | Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
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| Gynecologic malignancy | Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
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| Heart murmur, congenital | Mitral valve prolapse
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| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
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| Helminth infection (U.S.) | 1. Enterobius vermicularis
2.Ascaris lumbricoides
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| Hematoma--epidural | Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
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| Hematoma--subdural | Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
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| Hemochromatosis | Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
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| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)
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| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand's disease
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| Hereditary harmless jaundice | Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
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| HLA-B27 | Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
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| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 | Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
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| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
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| Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis | Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
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| Hypertension, 2° | Renal disease
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| Hypoparathyroidism | Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
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| Hypopituitarism | Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
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| Infection 2° to blood transfusion | Hepatitis C
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| Infection in chronic granulomatous disease | Saphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
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| Kidney stones | 1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease- positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
3. Uric acid = radiolucent
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| Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L→ R becomes R→ L) | Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
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| Liver disease | Alcoholic cirrhosis
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| Lysosomal storage disease | Gaucher's disease
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| Male cancer | Prostatic carcinoma
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| Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever | Hodgkin's lymphoma
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| Malignant skin tumor | Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
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| Mental retardation | 1. Down syndrome
2. Fragile X syndrome
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| Metastases to bone | Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
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| Metastases to brain | Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
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| Metastases to liver | Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lunch carcinomas
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| Mitochondrial inheritance | Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
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| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic heart disease
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| Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease | ALS
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| Myocarditis | Coxsackie β
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| Neoplasm (kids) | 1. ALL
2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
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| Nephrotic syndrome (adults) | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
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| Nephrotic syndrome (kids) | Minimal change disease (associated with infection/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
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| Neuron migration failure | Kallmann syndrome
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| Nosocomial pneumonia | Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aerugimosa
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| Obstruction of male urinary tract | BPH
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| Opening snap | Mitral stenosis
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| Opportunistic infection in AIDS | Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
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| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus
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| Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease | Salmonella
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| Osteomyelitis with IV drug use | Pseudomonas, S. aureus
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| Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer | Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
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| Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral | Serous cystadenoma
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| Ovarian tumor (malignant) | Serous cystadenocarcinoma
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| Pancreatitis (acute) | Gallstones, alcohol
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| Pancreatitis (chronic) | Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
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| Patient with ALL/CLL/AML?CML | ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult - 60, CML: adult 30-60
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
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| Philadelphia chromosome t(8;22) (ber-abl) | CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
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| Pituitary tumor | 1. Prolactinoma
2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
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| Primary amenorrhea | Turner syndrome (45XO)
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| Primary bone tumor (adults) | Multiple myeloma
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| Primary hyperaldosteronism | Adenoma of adrenal cortex
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| Primary hyperparathyroidism | 1. Adenomas
2. Hyperplasia
3. Carcinoma
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| Primary liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α-1 antitrypsin)
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| Pulmonary hypertension | COPD
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| Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities | Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
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| Renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
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| Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale
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| S3 (protodiastolic gallop) | Increase ventricular filling (L→ R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
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| S4 (presystolic gallop) | Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
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| Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
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| Sexually transmitted disease | Chlamydia (usually confected with gonorrhea)
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| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of the lung
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| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon
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| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
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| Stomach cancer | Adenocarcinoma
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| Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum (or pancreas)
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| t(14;18) | Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
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| t(8;14) | Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
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| t(9;22) | Philadelphia chromosome, CML (ber-abl fusion)
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| Temporal arteritis | Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
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| Testicular tumor | Seminoma
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| Thyroid cancer | Papillary carcinoma
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| Tumor in women | Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
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| Tumor of infancy | Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
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| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
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| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma (malignant)
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| Type of Hodgkin's | Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
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| Type of non-Hodgkin's | Diffuse large cell
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| UTI | E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
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| Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe | HSV-1
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| Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) | Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects
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