Understanding Sudents with Communication Disorders
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| speech disorder | difficulty producing sounds as well as disorders of voice quality or fluency of speech
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| language disorder | difficulty receiving, understanding, or formulating ideas and information
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| receptive language disorder | difficulty receiving o understanding information
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| expressive language disorder | difficulty formulating ideas and information
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| cleft palate or lip | condition which a person has a split in the upper part of the oral cavity or the upper lip
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| dialect | language variation that a group of individuals uses and that reflects shared regional, social, or cultural factors
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| speech | oral expression of language
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| language | structured, shared, rule-governed, symbolic system for communicating
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| phonology | use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words called phonemes
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| morphology | system that governs the structure of words
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| morpheme | syllable addition bill is one morpheme but bill's is two
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| syntax | rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences
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| semantics | meaning of what is expressed
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| pragmatics | use of communication in contexts
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| social interaction theories | communication skills are learned through social interactions
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| articulation | speaker's production of individual or sequenced sounds
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| substitutions | child substitutes /d/ for the voiced /th/ common in young kids
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| omission | child leaves a phoneme out of a word
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| additions | students place a vowel between two consonants, converting tree into tahree
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| distortions | modifications of the production of a phoneme in a word
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| apraxia | motor speech disorder that affects the way in which a student plans to produce speech
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| pitch | affected by the tension and size of the vocal folds, the health of the larynx, and the location of the larynx
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| duration | length of time any speech sound requires
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| intensity | based on the perception of the listener and is determined by the air pressure coming from the lungs through the vocal folds
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| resonance | quality of someone's voice, determined by the way in which the tone coming from the vocal folds is modified by the spaces of the throat, mouth, and nose.
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| hypernasality | air is allowed to pass through the nasal cavity on sounds other than m , n, and ng
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| hyponasality | air cannot pass through the nose and comes through the mouth instead
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| fluency | rate and rhythm of speaking
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| specific language impairment | not related to any physical or intellectual disability
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| phonology characteristics | may be unable to discriminate differences in speech sounds or sound segments that signify differences in words
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| morphology characteristics | difficulties using the structure of words to get or give information
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| syntax characteristics | involving word order
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| semantic characteristics | difficulty using words singly or together in sentences
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| pragmatic characteristics | social use of language, problems with communication between speaker and listener
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| organic disorder | caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person
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| functional disorder | no identifiable organic or neurological cause
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| congential disorder | disorder that occurs before birth
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| acquired disorder | disorder that occurs after birth
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| bilingual | uses two languages equally well
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| bidialectal | uses two variations of a language
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| system for augmenting language (SAL) | focuses on augmented input of language
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