geo time scale, fossils and dating
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| Uniformitarianism | the principle that states that the same geologic processes shaping the earth today have been at work through Earth's history.
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| Catastrophism | The principle that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly.
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| Relative Dating | Determining whether an object or event is older or younger than other objects or events.
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| Superposition | The principle that states that younger rock lie above older rocks in undisturbed sequences.
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| Geologic Column | an ideal sequence of rock layers that contain all the known fossils and rock formations on earth arranged from oldest to youngest.
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| Unconformity | a surface that represents a missing part of the geologic column.
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| Fault | a break in the earth's crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another.
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| Intrusion | when molten rock from the earth's interior squeezes into existing rock and cools
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| Folding | When rock layers bend and buckle from earth's internal forces.
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| Tilting | when internal forces in the earth slant rock layers without folding them.
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| Deposition | When sediments are deposited and form rock layers.
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| Disconformity | where part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing.
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| Nonconformity | where sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of non-layered igneous or metamorphic rock.
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| Angular Unconformity | between horizontal rock layers and rock layers that are tilted or folded.
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| Absolute Dating | The process of establishing the age of an object, such as a fossil or rock layer, by determining the number of years it has existed.
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| Isotopes | atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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| Radioactive Decay | the process of unstable isotopes breaking down stable isotopes of other elements.
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| Radiometric Dating | determining the absolute age of a sample based on the ratio of parent and daughter material.
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| Half Life | the time it takes for one-half of a radioactive sample to decay.
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| Uranium-Lead Method | Half life: 4.5 billion years
for dating: more than 10 million years
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| Potassium-Argon Method | half life: 1.3 billion years
for dating: more than 100,000
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| Carbon-14 Method | half life: 5,730 years
for dating: within last 50,000 years
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| fossil | any naturally preserved evidence of life
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| types of fossilization | 1. fossils in rock (mineral replacement)
2. Fossils in amber
3. mummification
4. frozen fossils
5. fossils in tar
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| coprolites | dung stone
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| mold | a cavity in the ground or rock where a plant or animal was buried
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| cast | shows what the outside of the organism looked like
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| trace fossils | any naturally preserved evidence of an animal's activity.
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| index fossils | fossils of organisms that lived during a relatively short, well-defined time span
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| Geologic time scale | scale that divides earth's 4.6 billion year history into distinct intervals of time.
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| Geologic time scale (largest to smallest) | eon
era
period
epoch
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| precambrian time | 3 eons
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| phanerozoic eon | cenozoic era
mesozoic era
paleozoic era
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| cenozoic era | age of mammals
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| Mesozoic era | age of dinosaurs
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| Paleozoic era | age of first life forms in ocean then on land
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