xray DH
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Making radiographs by exposing an image receptor,by film or digital sensor | radiography
🗑
|
||||
| Study of x-rays and techniques to produce radiographic images | oral radiology
🗑
|
||||
| An image or picture produced by x-rays a) picture b) radiograph c) total graph d) digital picture | b) radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| The study of x-radiation a) radiology b) radiography c) roentegen | a) radiology
🗑
|
||||
| discovered x-rays? a) Francis Mouyen b) H. R. Raper c) W.C. Roentegen | c) W.C. Roentgen
🗑
|
||||
| wrote the first dental book? a) O. Walkhoff b) W. Roentegen c) H.R. Raper d) W. Coolidge | c) H. R. Raper
🗑
|
||||
| When were x- rays discovered? | 1895
🗑
|
||||
| older term given to x-radiation in honor of discoverer? | roentgen ray
🗑
|
||||
| Term used by oral health care professionals, more descriptive than x-ray & easier to pronounce | radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| Introduced Victor CDX shockproof dental x-ray machine | William David Coolidge & General Electric
🗑
|
||||
| Published "X Light Kills" warning of x-ray dangers | W.H. Rollins
🗑
|
||||
| Unit capable of exposing entire dentition and surrounding structures on single image | Panoramic radiography "pano"
🗑
|
||||
| Imaging system that allow for enhanced two and three dimensional images for diagnosis and treatment of dental conditions | digital imaging
🗑
|
||||
| Method of imaging a single selected plane of tissues, used to assist dentists with complex diagnosis and treatment planning | computed tomography
"CT scans"
🗑
|
||||
| Who exposed prototype of first dental x-ray film | Otto Walkhoff
🗑
|
||||
| imaging system most likely to become gold standard for imaging certain dental conditions in near future | cone beam volumetric tomography
🗑
|
||||
| given credit for applying rule of isometry to bisecting technique | A. Cieszynski
🗑
|
||||
| given credit for developing paralleling technique | Franklin McCormack
🗑
|
||||
| Currently we know of __________ basic elements | 118
🗑
|
||||
| Each element made up of __________ | atoms
🗑
|
||||
| smallest particles of element, retains properties of element | atom
🗑
|
||||
| smallest particle of substance, retains properties of substance | molecule
🗑
|
||||
| __________ have negative charge and constantly in motion orbiting nucleus | electron
🗑
|
||||
| has positive charge | protons
🗑
|
||||
| has no charge | neutrons
🗑
|
||||
| The number of protons in nucleus of an element determines ______________ | atomic number
🗑
|
||||
| Electrons are maintained in their orbits by positive attraction of the protons, known as ________ | binding energy
🗑
|
||||
| Atoms that gained or lost electrons are electrically unstable | ions
*ion is defined as a charged particle*
🗑
|
||||
| positively charged atom ion and negatively charged electron ion are called | ion pair
🗑
|
||||
| Formation of ion pairs | ionization
🗑
|
||||
| emission and movement of energy through space in form of electromagnetic waves | radiation
🗑
|
||||
| radiation that produces ions | ionizing radiation
🗑
|
||||
| process that certain unstable elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, result in new isotope | radio activity
🗑
|
||||
| Dental x-rays do/do not involve use of radio activity | do not
🗑
|
||||
| movement of wave like energy through space as combination of electric and magnetic fields | electromagnetic radiation
🗑
|
||||
| Consists of orderly arrangement of all known radiant energies | electromagnetic spectrum
🗑
|
||||
| Bundles of energy, travel through space at the speed of light, "bullets of energy" | photons
🗑
|
||||
| Distance between two similar points on two successive waves | Wave length
*measured in angstrom (A) units*
🗑
|
||||
| Measurement, number of waves that pass given point per unit of time | frequency
* measured in hertz (Hz) *
🗑
|
||||
| speed of wave | velocity
🗑
|
||||
| Long wave length -low frequency -low energy -less penetrating x-ray | Soft radiation
"Grenz rays"
🗑
|
||||
| Short wave length -high frequency -high energy -more penetrating power | hard radiation
🗑
|
||||
| X-rays have following properties: | -invisible
-travel straight lines
-travel speed of light
- no mass or weight
-have no charge
-interact with matter causing ionization
-penetrate opaque tissues and structures
-affect biological tissue
-affect photographic film
🗑
|
||||
| Dense structures, like bone and enamel appear white or gray on x-ray, this is called | radiopaque
* white *
🗑
|
||||
| Less dense structures, like pulp chamber, muscles and skin appear _____________ | radiolucent
* darker/gray *
🗑
|
||||
| bodies in motion, believed to be | kinetic energy
🗑
|
||||
| ___________ is produced when bombarding electron from tube filament collides with orbiting K electron of tungsten target | Characteristic radiation
🗑
|
||||
| Produced when high-speed electrons are stopped or slowed down by tungsten atoms of dental x-ray tube | general/bremsstrahlung
🗑
|
||||
| beam of x-rays passing through matter, weakened and gradually disappears, disappearance is called | absorption
🗑
|
||||
| When x-ray passes through atom unchanged, no interaction occurs, this is called | No interaction
* 9% in dental radiology *
🗑
|
||||
| When low energy x-ray passes near atom's outer electron, may be scattered without loss of energy is called | Coherent scattering
(unmodified scattering, "Thompson scattering"
🗑
|
||||
| "All or nothing energy loss" X-ray imparts all energy to an orbital electron of some atom | Photo electric effect
🗑
|
||||
| Similar to Photoelectric effect, only part of dental x-ray energy is transferred to electron, and new, weaker x-ray is formed and scattered in new direction | Compton effect aka Compton Scattering
🗑
|
||||
| most widely accepted terms used for radiation units of measurement come from | Systeme Internationale
"modern version of metric system"
🗑
|
||||
| Amount of energy deposited, any form of matter (such as teeth, soft tissues, treatment chair) by any type of radiation (alpha, beta particles, gamma or x-rays) | Absorbed dose
🗑
|
||||
| Unit for measuring absorbed dose | gray (Gy)
or
rad
🗑
|
||||
| Term used for radiation protection purposes to compare biological effects of various types of radiation | dose equivalent
🗑
|
||||
| unit for measuring, dose equivalent is | sievert (Sv)
or
rem
🗑
|
||||
| aid in making more accurate comparisons between different radiographic exposures __________ is used to compare risk of radiation exposure a biological response | effective dose equivalent
🗑
|
||||
| ionizing radiation, always present in environment | background radiation
🗑
|
||||
| Contains regulating devices on dental x-ray machine | control panel
🗑
|
||||
| enables tube head to be positioned on dental x-ray machine | extension arm
or
bracket
🗑
|
||||
| contains x-ray tube that x-rays are generated | tube head
🗑
|
||||
| 5 major controls operated or will be preset on dental x-ray machine | -line switch to electrical outlet
-milliampere selector
-kilovoltage selector
-the timer
-exposure button
🗑
|
||||
| measures amount of current passing through wires of circuit | milliampere
(mA selector)
🗑
|
||||
| determines available number of free electrons at cathode filament, therefore amount of x-rays that will be produced | amperage
🗑
|
||||
| measures difference in potential or voltage across x-ray tube | kilo volt peak
(kVp) selector
🗑
|
||||
| Determines speed of electrons traveling toward target on anode, the penetrating ability of x-rays produced | kVp
🗑
|
||||
| Flows continuously in one direction | direct current
(DC)
🗑
|
||||
| "The house hold current" changes direction of flow 60 times per second | AC
alternating current
🗑
|
||||
| Electromagnetic device for changing current coming into dental x-ray machine | transformer
🗑
|
||||
| decreases voltage from wall outlet to approximately 5v, enough to heat filament & form electron cloud | step-down transformer
🗑
|
||||
| increases voltage from wall outlet to approximately 60-100 kVp to propel electrons toward target | step-up transformer
🗑
|
||||
| located in control panel, is voltage compensator that corrects minor fluctuations in current flowing through wires | auto transfomer
🗑
|
||||
| measurement of number of electrons moving through wire conductor | amperage
🗑
|
||||
| describes electrical pressure (difference in potential) between two electrical charges | voltage
🗑
|
||||
| located inside tube head, a glass bulb from where air has been pumped to create vacuum | x-ray tube
🗑
|
||||
| beam of x-rays, originates at focal spot and emerges through port of tube head | primary beam
or
useful beam
🗑
|
||||
| x-ray in center of primary beam | central beam
🗑
|
||||
| x-ray beam that is composed of variety energy wavelengths | polychromatic
🗑
|
||||
| What metal is used for target in x-ray tube | tungsten
🗑
|
||||
| Charged negatively during time that x-ray tube is operating to produce x-rays | cathode
🗑
|
||||
| describes opening in tube housing, allows primary beam to exit | port
🗑
|
||||
| removes low-energy, long wavelength energy from beam | filter
🗑
|
||||
| process of heating cathode wire filament until red hot and electrons boil off | thermionic emission
🗑
|
||||
| Three basic requirements for acceptable diagnostic radiograph | -must be imaged as close to their natural shapes and sizes as the patient's oral anatomy will permit
-area examined must be imaged completely
-free of errors and show proper density, contrast, and definition
🗑
|
||||
| refers to portion of image that is dark or black, permit passage of x-rays with little or no resistance | radiolucent
* abscess, soft tissues, air space *
🗑
|
||||
| refers to portion of image that is light or white, areas are dense and absorb or resist the passage of x-rays | radiopaque
* enamel, dentin, bone *
🗑
|
||||
| degree of darkness or image blackening | density
🗑
|
||||
| refers to many shades of gray that separate dark and light areas | contrast
🗑
|
||||
| describes radiograph when density differences between adjacent areas are large -high contrast | short-scale contrast
🗑
|
||||
| describes radiograph when density differences between adjacent areas are small - low contrast | long-scale contrast
🗑
|
||||
| refers to detail and clarity of outline of structures shown on radiograph | sharpness/definition
🗑
|
||||
| partial shadow around objects of interest | penumbra
🗑
|
||||
| rules for casting a shadow image | 1)small focal spot
2)long target-object distance
3)short object-image receptor distance
4)parallel relationship between object and image receptor
5)perpendicular relationship between the central ray of the x-ray beam & both the object & the image rece
🗑
|
||||
| to reduce size of penumbra resulting in sharper image and slightly less magnification | small focal spot
🗑
|
||||
| to reduce penumbra and magnification | long target-object distance
🗑
|
||||
| to reduce penumbra and magnification | short object-image receptor distance
🗑
|
||||
| to prevent distortion of image | parallel relationship between object and image receptor
🗑
|
||||
| to prevent distortion of image | perpendicular relationship between the central ray of the x-ray beam and both the object and the image receptor
🗑
|
||||
| factors affecting radiographic image | subject
kilovoltage peak (kVp)
scatter radiation
film/digital sensor type
exposure
processing
🗑
|
||||
| small focal spot | increase sharpness
🗑
|
||||
| large focal spot | decrease sharpness
🗑
|
||||
| long target-image receptor distance | increase image
🗑
|
||||
| short target-image receptor distance | decrease sharpness
🗑
|
||||
| underexposed or over exposed radiograph will result in | diminished or poor contrast
🗑
|
||||
| small part on target where bombarding electrons are converted into x-rays | focal spot
🗑
|
||||
| when long PID is used, x-rays in center of beam are more parallel, resulting in | less image magnification
🗑
|
||||
| object-image receptor distance should | be kept to a minimum
🗑
|
||||
| result of unequal magnification of different parts of same object (image receptor is not parallel to object) | distortion
🗑
|
||||
| increasing mA, increases (darkens) ___________ of radiograph | density
🗑
|
||||
| decreasing mA, decreases (lightens) _________ of radiograph | density
🗑
|
||||
| interval that x-ray machine is fully activated and x-rays are produced | exposure time
🗑
|
||||
| increase mA, makes image density | darker
🗑
|
||||
| decrease mA, makes image density | lighter
🗑
|
||||
| increase time makes image density | darker
🗑
|
||||
| decrease time, makes image density | lighter
🗑
|
||||
| increase kVp, makes image density | darker
🗑
|
||||
| decrease kVp, makes image density | lighter
🗑
|
||||
| length of target-surface distance depends on length of | position indicating device (PID)
🗑
|
||||
| quality of radiographic image improves whenever target-image receptor distance is | increased
🗑
|
||||
| Increasing target-image receptor distance reduces fuzzy outline (penumbra), seen around radiographic images | true
🗑
|
||||
| positioning image receptor far enough from teeth to enable it to be held parallel and using long 12in PID will increase quality of image definition | true
🗑
|
||||
| degree of darkening of radiographic image is referred to as | density
🗑
|
||||
| image contrast, not affected by | milliamperage
🗑
|
||||
| fuzzy shadow around outline of radiographic image | penumbra
🗑
|
||||
| distortion results when | object and image receptor are not parallel
🗑
|
||||
| theory that x-ray photons collide with important cell chemicals and break them apart by ionization, causing critical damage to large molecules | direct theory
🗑
|
||||
| theory based on assumption that radiation can cause chemical damage to cells by ionizing water within it | indirect theory
🗑
|
||||
| term used to describe degree of susceptibility of various cells and body tissues to radiation | radiosensitive
🗑
|
||||
| Which cell is most sensitive to damage from radiation | white blood cells (lymphocytes)
🗑
|
||||
| all cells of body, except reproductive cells | somatic cells
🗑
|
||||
| effect that occurs when biological change or damage occurs in irradiated individual, but not passed along to offspring | somatic effect
🗑
|
||||
| describes changes in hereditary material that do not manifest in irradiated individual, but in future generation | genetic effect
🗑
|
||||
| genetic cells | eggs and sperm
🗑
|
||||
| radiation that depends on type, energy, and duration of radiation (greater of dose, more severe probable biological effect | total dose
🗑
|
||||
| rate which radiation is administered or absorbed is very important in determination of what effects will occur | dose rate
🗑
|
||||
| various species have wide range of radiosensitivity | variation in species
🗑
|
||||
| lethal dose (LD) for each species is expressed in statistical terms. For humans LD is | LD 50/30, estimated to be 4.5 gray (Gy) or 450 rad
🗑
|
||||
| younger, more rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive than older, mature cells, so children are more susceptible to injury than adults from an equal dose of radiation | true
🗑
|
||||
| following initial radiation exposure, and before first detectable effect occurs, a lag time called | latent period
🗑
|
||||
| following latent period, certain effects can be observed this is called | period of injury
🗑
|
||||
| following exposure to radiation, some recovery can take place | recovery period
🗑
|
||||
| certain amount of damage where there is no recovery occurs is called | irreparable injury
🗑
|
||||
| when biological response is based on probability of occurrence rather than severity of change is called | stochastic effect
"all or nothing effect"
🗑
|
||||
| likelihood of injury or death from some hazard | risk
🗑
|
||||
| primary cause of biological damage from radiation is | ionization
🗑
|
||||
| direct injury from radiation occurs when x-ray photons | strike critical cell molecules
🗑
|
||||
| indirect injury from radiation occurs when x-ray photons | ionize water and form toxins
🗑
|
||||
| Which cell are most radio resistant | muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| dose response curve indicating that any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has potential to cause biological response is called | nonthreshold
🗑
|
||||
| ALARA | as low as reasonably achievable
🗑
|
||||
| what is considered short term outcome following radiation exposure | acute radiation syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| comparisons between dental radiation exposures and natural background exposure | effective dose equivalent
🗑
|
||||
| controls size and shape of useful beam | collimation
🗑
|
||||
| collimation reduces | scatter radiation
🗑
|
||||
| lead apron has to be made of at least | .25mm lead or lead equivalent material
🗑
|
||||
| minimum total filtration that is required by x-ray machine that can operate in ranges above 70kVp | 2.5 mm of aluminum equivalent
🗑
|
||||
| annual maximum permissible whole-body dose for oral health care personnel is | 50 mSv
🗑
|
||||
| annual maximum permissible whole-body dose for the general public is | 5.0 mSv
🗑
|
||||
| silver halide crystals are sensitive to radiation | true
🗑
|
||||
| silver halide crystals, when exposed to x-rays, retains the | latent image
🗑
|
||||
| When radiation reaches emulsion, silver halide crystals are ionized, or separated into silver and bromide and iodide ions that store energy as a | latent image
🗑
|
||||
| _________ absorbs most radiation | enamel
🗑
|
||||
| designed for use inside oral cavity | intraoral films
🗑
|
||||
| _________ used to determine film orientation and used to distinguish between radiographs of patients right and left side | identification dot
🗑
|
||||
| sizes of intraoral film | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
🗑
|
||||
| images coronal portions of both upper and lower teeth and crestal bone on same film | bitewing radiographs
🗑
|
||||
| used to record detailed examination of entire tooth, from crown to root rip or apex | periapical radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| ideal for recording large area of the maxilla, mandible, and floor of mouth | occlusal radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| designed for outside of mouth | extraoral films
🗑
|
||||
| large films, classified as screen film | extraoral films
🗑
|
||||
| screen film means | indirect exposure film
🗑
|
||||
| provides support for fragile film emulsion | base
🗑
|
||||
| light and x-ray sensitive | silver halide crystals
🗑
|
||||
| what is function of lead foil in film packet | absorb backscatter radiation
🗑
|
||||
| What can be found on back side of intraoral film packet | film speed
number of films in packet
embossed dot location
🗑
|
||||
| Which film has greatest sensitivity to radiation a) D- speed b) E- speed c) F- speed | F- speed
🗑
|
||||
| size #4 intraoral film packet,most likely used to expose | occlusal radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| What projection will dentist most likely prescribe for evaluation of specific tooth and surrounding structures | periapical radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| Intensifying screens will | reduce exposure time
🗑
|
||||
| What is considered to be a screen film | panoramic
🗑
|
||||
| X-ray films should be stored | away from heat and humidity
🗑
|
||||
| Role of this solution is to reduce exposed silver halide crystals within film emulsion to black metallic silver | developer solution
🗑
|
||||
| Processing transforms________ image, which is produced when x-ray photons are absorbed by silver halide crystals in emulsion, into visible, stable image by means of chemicals | latent
🗑
|
||||
| Basic steps of processing dental x-ray film are | developing
rinsing
fixing
washing
drying
🗑
|
||||
| Removes unexposed and/or undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion | fixer solution
🗑
|
||||
| Prevents rapid oxidation of developing agents | preservative
🗑
|
||||
| Activates developing agents by providing required alkalinity | activator
🗑
|
||||
| Restrains developing agents from developing unexposed silver halide crystals, which produce film fog | restrainer
🗑
|
||||
| Slows the rate of oxidation and prevents deterioration of the fixing agent | preservative
🗑
|
||||
| Shrinks and hardens the gelatin emulsion | hardening agent
🗑
|
||||
| Stops further development by neutralizing the alkali of the developer | acidifier
🗑
|
||||
| What is minimum distance from source of light and counter space where film will be handled | 4 -ft
🗑
|
||||
| When film can be read under white light after 2-3 minutes of fixing is called | wet reading
🗑
|
||||
| Manual processing can be used to produce a working radiograph without a darkroom in about ______ seconds | 30
🗑
|
||||
| Process by which latent image becomes visible | reduction
🗑
|
||||
| What is correct processing sequence | develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry
🗑
|
||||
| The basic constituents of developer solution are | developing agent (reducing agent)
preservative
activator
restrainer
🗑
|
||||
| During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed solver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver | developing
🗑
|
||||
| Which ingredient removes the unexposed/undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion | sodium thiosulfate
🗑
|
||||
| Which ingredient causes emulsion to soften and swell | activator
🗑
|
||||
| Which ingredient hardens emulsion | potassium alum
🗑
|
||||
| Chemically, the developer used in automatic processor contains more _______ than developer used for manual processing | hardener
🗑
|
||||
| Which colors of safelight filters is safe for processing all film speeds | red
🗑
|
||||
| What is appearance of the radiographic image if film is exposed to safelight too long | fogged
🗑
|
||||
| A thermometer is used for manual processing to determine temperature of | developing solution
🗑
|
||||
| What is ideal temperature for processing film manually | 68 F
🗑
|
||||
| Replenisher is addd to developing solution to compensate for | oxidation
loss of volume
loss of solution strength
🗑
|
||||
| Which processing method requires most maintenance & strictest adherence to regular replenishment and cleaning | automatic
🗑
|
||||
| Discrete units of information that together constitute an image | pixel
🗑
|
||||
| The discernable separation of closely adjacent image details | spacial resolution
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to number of paired lines visible in 1mm of an image | line pair
🗑
|
||||
| Relating to mechanism in which data is represented by continuously variable physical quantities | analog
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to total number of shades of gray visible in image | gray scale
🗑
|
||||
| A ______ radiographic image exists as bits of information in computer file | digital
🗑
|
||||
| The computer converts information into image that appears on computer monitor | true
🗑
|
||||
| Digital radiography can be used for | to detect caries
to monitor an endodontic procedure
to detect dental disease
🗑
|
||||
| When a transparency scanner or digital camera is used to convert an existing film-based radiograph to digital file, process is called | digitization
🗑
|
||||
| The following are digital image receptors | CCD
CMOS
PSP
🗑
|
||||
| Stores x-ray energy until later simulation by a laser beam, reads electric signal and converts it into digital image | PSP (photostimuable phosphor plate)
🗑
|
||||
| smaller the number of pixels in image the sharper the spatial resolution | true
🗑
|
||||
| Each pixel stores a number representing different shade of gray | true
🗑
|
||||
| Digital radiography requires less radiation exposure to produce an image than film based radiography because the | image receptor (CDC or CMOS) is more sensitive to x-rays than film
🗑
|
||||
| Image receptor is called a | sensor
🗑
|
||||
| Polyester plate covered with phosphor crystals is called a | photostimuable phosphor (PSP) plate
🗑
|
||||
| A solid state detector used in digital sensors. Converts x-rays to electrons that are sent to computer via a wire | Charge-coupled device (CCD)
🗑
|
||||
| A solid state state integrated circuit used in digital radiography as an image receptor in the intraoral sensor | Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
🗑
|
||||
| Digital imaging sensors that use rare earth phosphor coated plates. When exposed to x-rays, __________ stores the x-ray energy until stimulated by a laser beam to produce a digital image | photostimuable phosphors (PSP)
🗑
|
||||
| Allows for comparison of digitally stored images to detect changes over time or prior to and after treatment interventions | digital subtraction
🗑
|
||||
| To prevent transmission of disease among patients | infection control
🗑
|
||||
| primary purpose of infection control is to | prevent the transmission of infectious diseases
🗑
|
||||
| microorganism capable of causing disease | pathogen
🗑
|
||||
| Agent used on living tissues to destroy or stop the growth of bacteria | antiseptic
🗑
|
||||
| Absence of septic matter or freedom from infection | asepsis
🗑
|
||||
| Soiling by contact or mixing | contamination
🗑
|
||||
| Making someone immune to a disease | immunization
🗑
|
||||
| Suspension of microorganisms that may be capable of causing disease produced during normal breathing and speaking | microbial aerosol
🗑
|
||||
| Infection or presence of septic matter | sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| practice of care to protect persons from pathogens spread via blood or any other body fluid, excretion or secretion | standard precautions
🗑
|
||||
| total destruction of spores and disease-producing microorganisms, accomplished by autoclaving | sterilize
🗑
|
||||
| Routes of infection are | direct contact with pathogens
direct contact with airborne contaminants present in aerosols
indirect contact with contaminated objects or instruments
🗑
|
||||
| For infection to occur, four conditions must be present | 1) a susceptible host
2) a disease causing microorganism
3)sufficient numbers of pathogen to initiate infection
4) an appropriate route (port of entry) to enter host
🗑
|
||||
| Use of chemical or physical procedure to reduce disease-producing microorganisms to acceptable level on inanimate objects | disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical germicides inactivate spores, can be used to disinfect heat sensitive semicritical dental instruments | high level disinfectant
🗑
|
||||
| Instruments used to penetrate soft tissue or bone | critical instruments
🗑
|
||||
| Instruments that contact oral mucosa without penetrating soft tissue or bone | semicritical instruments
* x-ray image receptor holding devices
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical contact surfaces are those devices and surfaces of treatment area that may contact intact skin or may become contaminated by microbial aerosols or spatter, but not mucous membranes | noncritical instruments
* lead apron, PID, chin rest and head positioner
🗑
|
||||
| An approach to infection control that states that body fluids (except sweat) of all patients should be treated as if infected is | standard precautions
🗑
|
||||
| What agency develops and provides recommendations for adoption of infection control guidelines, does not act as enforcer of these guidelines | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
🗑
|
||||
| Spraying disinfectant directly on which of these should be avoided | x-ray machine exposure switch
🗑
|
||||
| What should be done with image receptor immediately after removing it from patient's mouth | remove excess saliva with a dry or disinfectant soaked paper towel
🗑
|
||||
| order of maintaining infection control after radiographic procedure | remove patient treatment gloves
remove lead apron
put on utility gloves
clean and disinfect
🗑
|
||||
| key to producing quality radiographic images is | gaining patient trust
presenting a confident, caring image
communicating effectively
🗑
|
||||
| ability to share in patient's emotions and fellings is called | empathy
🗑
|
||||
| Refers to relationship between patient and oral health care professional | patient relations
🗑
|
||||
| Position assumed by body in connection with feeling or mood | attitude
🗑
|
||||
| Used to communicate with others successfully | interpersonal skills
🗑
|
||||
| Process by which information is exchanged between two or more patients | communication
🗑
|
||||
| Effective use of words in ___________ begins with facing patient directly and maintaining eye contact | verbal communication
🗑
|
||||
| Includes gestures, facial expressions, body movement, and listening | non verbal communication
🗑
|
||||
| Consists of methods of exposing dental x-ray film, phosphor plates, or digital sensors within oral cavity | intraoral
🗑
|
||||
| Examination that images coronal portions of teeth and alveolar crests of bone of both the maxilla and mandible on a single radiograph. Good for detecting carries | Bitewing examination
🗑
|
||||
| Used to image apices of teeth and surrounding bone | periapical examination
periapical radiographs
🗑
|
||||
| Images entire maxillary or mandibular arch | occlusal examination
🗑
|
||||
| _________ is technique of choice because is more likely to satisfy more of shadow casting requirements | paralleling
🗑
|
||||
| Technique known as "rule of isometry" | bisecting technique
🗑
|
||||
| ________ technique is more likely to meet most of shadow casting rules, making technique less likely to produce image distortion | Paralleling technique
🗑
|
||||
| Full mouth series consists of __________ films | 18
🗑
|
||||
| procedure by which tube head and PID are aligned to obtain optimum angle at which radiation is to be directed toward image receptor is called | angulation
🗑
|
||||
| ____________ is changed by rotating tube head horizontally and vertically | angulation
🗑
|
||||
| _________ is achieved by directing central rays perpendicularly toward surface of image receptor in horizontal plane | horizontal angulation
🗑
|
||||
| Achieved by directing central rays perpendicularly toward surface of image receptor in vertical plane | Vertical angulation
🗑
|
||||
| Vertical angulation is customarily described in | degrees
🗑
|
||||
| When portion of image is not recorded on radiograph | conecut error
🗑
|
||||
| Point of entry for central ray should be in middle for image receptor | true
🗑
|
||||
| Holders designed to position phosphor plate or digital sensor | film holders
🗑
|
||||
| How many size 2 image receptors are required by most health care practices for exposure of posterior radiographs of full mouth series | 8
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior periapical image receptors are placed vertically/horizontally | vertically
🗑
|
||||
| Posterior periapical image receptors are placed _________ in oral cavity | horizontally
🗑
|
||||
| Where should embossed identification dot be positioned when taking periapical radiograph | toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth
🗑
|
||||
| Which setting would PID be pointing to the floor | +20
🗑
|
||||
| What is correct seating position for patient during radiographic examination when an image receptor without an external aiming device is used | occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor
🗑
|
||||
| What is best sequencing for exposing full mouth series of periapical radiographs | maxillary anteriors, mandibular anteriors, maxillary posteriors, mandibular posteriors
🗑
|
||||
| Advantage of using paralleling technique | produces images with minimal dimensional distortion
🗑
|
||||
| Interproximal space is the | embrasure
🗑
|
||||
| To compensate for increased object-image receptor distance needed to achieve parallelism, target-image receptor distance should be | increased
🗑
|
||||
| Important reason for using a holder when utilizing paralleling technique is to stabilize image receptor in a position | parallel to the teeth
🗑
|
||||
| Film holders designed for use with paralleling technique should have a | long biteblock and L-shaped backing
🗑
|
||||
| Example of holder that can be used with both paralleling and bisecting techniques | SUPA
🗑
|
||||
| Directing central rays perpendicular to plane of image receptor and perpendicular to long axes of the teeth describes which step of the paralleling technique | vertical angulation
🗑
|
||||
| Cutting off root apex portion of image on a periapical radiograph results from | inadequate vertical angulation
🗑
|
||||
| Results in incisal/occlusal edges being cut off image | excessive vertical angulation
🗑
|
||||
| The __________ technique satisfies fewer shadow cast principles | bisecting
🗑
|
||||
| __________ is applied when image receptor is not, or cannot, be placed parallel to long axes of the teeth | bisecting
🗑
|
||||
| Tooth and film should be as close as possible | bisecting technique
🗑
|
||||
| Imaginary line between two lines | bisector
🗑
|
||||
| Image receptor holders designed for use with bisecting technique will most likely have a short/long bite block | short
🗑
|
||||
| __________ is achieved by directing central ray of x-ray beam perpendicular to curvature of arch, through the contact points of these teeth | horizontal angulation
🗑
|
||||
| Curvature of the arch | mean tangent
🗑
|
||||
| When the vertical angulation is excessive | foreshortened image
🗑
|
||||
| When the vertical angulation in inadequate | elongated image
🗑
|
||||
| When utilizing bisecting technique, central ray of the x-ray beam is directed | perpendicular to the bisector
🗑
|
||||
| Which of these target-image receptor distances is recommended for use with bisecting technique | 8 in.
🗑
|
||||
| When utilizing bisecting technique, image receptor is placed | as close as possible to the tooth
🗑
|
||||
| What term describes imaginary line between long axis of tooth and plane of image receptor | bisector
🗑
|
||||
| Image receptor holders designed for use with bisecting technique should have a | short biteblock and 105degree backing
🗑
|
||||
| What is suggested point of entry for directing central ray of x-ray beam when exposing maxillary incisors radiograph using bisecting technique | tip of the nose
🗑
|
||||
| Radiation that may travel in direction opposite that of original x-ray. New x-ray may undergo another Compton scattering or it may be absorbed by photoelectric effect interaction | secondary radiation
🗑
|
||||
| The sum of inherent and added filtration a) added filtrationt b) inherent filtration c) total filtration | c) total filtration
🗑
|
||||
| Filtration built into machine by the manufacturer a) half value b) finished filtration c) secondary filtration d) inherent filtration | d) inherent filtration
🗑
|
||||
| Placement of aluminum discs in path of x-ray beam between port seal of tube head and PID a) added filtration b) secondary filtration c) simple filtration | a) added filtration
🗑
|
||||
| Beam filtration must comply with state and federal laws, safety requires an equivalent of _________ for x-ray machines operating in ranges below 70 kVp a) 2.5mm of aluminum b) .5mm of tin c) 1.5mm of aluminum d) 3.5mm of aluminum | c) 1.5mm
🗑
|
||||
| X-ray machines operating over 70kVp require minimum of _________ of beam filtration to comply with state and federal laws a) 2.0mm aluminum b) 2.5mm aluminum c) 3.0 mm aluminum | b) 2.5 aluminum
🗑
|
||||
| The ___________ of an x-ray beam is thickness (measured in mm) of aluminum that will reduce intensity of beam by one-half a) face value layer b) half-value layer c) the value of the layer | b) half-valued layer
🗑
|
||||
| _________ controls size and shape of useful beam a) collimation b) collimator c) filtration | a) collimation
🗑
|
||||
| ________ is absorption of long wavelength, less penetrating, x-rays of polychromatic x-ray beam by passage of beam through sheet of material a) fusion b) filtration c) elimination | b) filtration
🗑
|
||||
| Collimation reduces _______ a) exposure b) density c) beam strength d) scatter radiation | d) scatter radiation
🗑
|
||||
| ________ shape of collimator reduces size of x-ray beam and amount of scatter radiation (best to use) a) circular b) square c) rectangular | c) rectangular
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
welchang
Popular Dentistry sets