ChiroBoards2: Xray Physics/Production
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| xray tube inside a protective housing made of __________? | lead
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| xray tube consists of two electrodes called the ___________ and _________? | Cathode and Anode
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| This consists of a large filament, small filament and a focusing cup | Cathode
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| serves as a source of electrons in the production of xrays | filaments
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| filament is made from | tungsten
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| Occurs when a current is applied to the filament | Thermionic Emission
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| What controls the quantity of electrons (mA) emitted from the filament? | temperature
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| What does the number of electrons determine? | the number of x-rays created
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| What determines mA? | Temperature
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| Where does thermionic emission occur within? | the focusing cup/filament cup
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| The positive electrode in the xray tube | the anode
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| what is more common; stationary or rotating anode? | rotating anode
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| why does the anode rotate? | to dissipate the heat generated
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| exposed area of the tungsten target on the anode | focal spot
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| what determines the focal spot? | size of the filament
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| smaller filament = __________ detail: better/worse? | better detail
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| Beam Hardening aka | Line focus principle
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| Beam Hardening: smaller the target angle, the _____________ the effective spot | smaller
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| Stream of electrons narrows down to an effective beam | Beam hardening
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| mA = | Milliamperage
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| Heats the filament causing a boiling off of electrons | Milliamperage
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| More Current = ____________ radiographic density : More or Less? | MORE
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| Overall blackening on film: relates to? | density
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| structures that produce more blackening on the film | Radiolucent (more black)
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| structures that produce less blackening on the film | Radio-opaque (more white)
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| MAS and Density: what type of relationship? | Directly proportional
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| How to change blackness on a film? | Change the MAS
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| Increased MAS = | More film exposure / darker
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| % of minimum change needed to see a minimum change in density on the film. | 30%
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| If mAs is doubled, the density is_______________ | doubled
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| the force applied to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to anode at the time of exposure. | Kilovoltage (kVp)
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| Wavelength and frequency: what type of relationship? | inverse relationship
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| low kVp =__________ energy= ____________ penetration | low energy; weak penetration
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| high kVp = __________ energy= ___________ penetration | high energy; strong penetration
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| Difference in density between two structures | contrast
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| kVp and Contrast: what type of relationship? | kVp controls contrast, but they are inversely related.
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| low kvp = _______ contrast | high contrast
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| High contrast = short scale (low or high kvp?) | low kvp
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| sharp differences in dark and light area; "black and white" film = low or high kvp? | low kvp
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| Good for bone film: low or high kvp? | low kvp
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| less scatter but more patient absorption: w/ higher or lower kvp | lower kvp
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| high kvp = ______ contrast | low contrast
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| low contrast = long scale (low or high kvp?) | high kvp
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| more shades of grey (soft tissue film) = low or high kvp? | high kvp
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| produces more scatter but less patient radiation absorption : low or high kvp? | high kvp
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| 15% rule = To lower contrast = | Increase kvp by 15%, and decrease MAS by 50%
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| 15% rule = To increase contrast = | Decrease kvp by 15% and increase MAS by 50%
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| How is density affected by the 15% rule? | increase in kVp will double overall density on film and decrease in kVp will cut density in half.
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| Denser tissue absorbs _______ x-rays, while less dense tissues transmits _______ x-rays. (more or less?) | more; more
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| Gas = density? | black
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| Fat = density? | black
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| Muscle, water, and soft tissue = density? | gray
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| Bone and metal = density? | white
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| This effect given because the rotating target is angled, thus producing a varied intensity. | Anode Heel Effect
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| Intensity of x-ray is greater on the _________ side when compared to the _________ side. (anode or cathode?_ | cathode ; anode
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| Because of the Anode heel effect, when x-raying a foot, would you aim the x-ray tube so the cathode was pointed at the toes or ankle? and why? | ankle, because it's thicker
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| Because of the Anode heel effect, when x-raying a foot, would you aim the x-ray tube so the anode was pointed at the toes or ankle? and why? | Toes, because it's thinner
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| Anode Heel Effect: Anode side = less or more x-ray? | less x-ray
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| Anode Heel Effect: Cathode side = less or more x-ray? | more x-ray
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| Anode Heel Effect: Anode side = smaller or larger effective focal spot? | smaller focal spot
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| Anode Heel Effect: Cathode side = smaller or larger effective focal spot? | larger focal spot
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| Anode Heel Effect: Anode side = more or less detail? | more detail
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| Anode Heel Effect: Cathode side = more or less detail? | less detail
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| Anode Heel Effect: Anode side = use thinner or thicker body part? | Thinner
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| Anode Heel Effect: Cathode side = use thinner or thicker body part? | Thicker
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| Increase FFD = ________ Detail (increased or decreased?) | increased
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| Focal film distance, aka? | Source Image Distance
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| FFD represents what? | length of space from the focal spot (or tube) to the recording medium (or film)
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| As you __________ the FFD, the image gets smaller and more clear. (increase or decrease?) | Increase
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| As you _________ the FFD, the image gets larger and blurrier. (increase or decrease?) | Decrease
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| Intesity of radiation varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source. = what law? | Inverse square law
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| If a 40 inch FFD is doubled to an 80 inch FFD, the intesity of the radiation is _______ the amount of the intensity at 30 inches. | one quarter the amount
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| If a 40 inch FFD is increased to 80 inches FFD, how much must the radiographer increase (or decrease) MAs in order to maintain the same amount of film blackening | Increase MAs 4x
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| Double the Distance = __________ the radiation (amount?) | one fourth the radiation
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| Half the Distance = ________ the radiation | 4x the radiation
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| What piece is hit by the x-ray, causing fluorescent salts to change x-ray photons into visible light photons? | Intensifying Screen
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| What does the Intensifying Screen do to help the patient? | Exposes the film and decreases patient exposure
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| Large Crystals (more light) works quickly and yields _________ detail. (more or less?) | less detail
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| Faster screens = _________ contrast = ___________ scale | Higher contrast ; Short Scale (less patient exposure)
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| Small Crystals (less light) works slowly and yields _________ detail. (more or less?) | more detail
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| Slow screens = _________ contrast = ___________ scale | Lower contrast; Long Scale (more patient exposure)
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| Intensifying screens ________ density on the film (increase or decrease?) | increases density
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| Picture made by the useful beam | Umbra
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| Blurry halo parts of the image (unsharpness) | Penumbra
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| This is caused by having the tube too close to the film (Short FFD) | Penumbra
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| This is caused by having the patient too far from the film (long OFD) | Penumbra
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| This is caused by having too big a filament on the cathode, making the focal spot too big | Penumbra
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| Penumbra is caused by 3 things: | Too short a FFD; Too long an OFD ; Too big a filament on the cathode
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| OFD stands for | Object Fim Distance
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| Distance between patient and film is called | Object Film Distance (OFD)
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| Increase OFD = (does what to the image?) | makes it bigger and blurrier (more penumbra)
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| Decreased OFD = (does what to the image?) | makes it smaller and more clear (better detail)
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| The pressure exerted by the film holder as it encloses the x-ray film = | Screen Fim Contact
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| Best test for screen film contact = | The wire-mesh test
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| Poor screen film contact does what to the image? | reduces its sharpness
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| Two types of distortion = | Size and Magnification
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| What types of radiation occurs when x-rays strike an object? (3) | Scattered, Absorbed, or Penetrated
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| Scatter radiation can be reduced by using one of the following = (4) things | Grids; Air Gap Technique; Collimators; Filters
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| A device of alternating strips of lead and spacer material | Grid
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| Grids are placed between what two objects? | the Patient and the Film
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| How does the grid improve the quality of the radiograph? | absorbs scatter radiation
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| When using a grid, what must be increased to maintain density? | Exposure factors
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| Explain Grid Ratio = | The height of the lead strips : to the distance between the strips
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| What is the grid ratio in a chiropractic office** ? | 12:1
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| What is the air gap distance between the patient and the film? | 6-10 " (example = lateral cervical view)
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| The distance between the body part and the film causes scatter radiation to diverge away from the film. What is this technique called? | Air-Gap Techinque
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| Limits the size of the bean to the size of the body part you need to capture on film = | Collimation
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| What is the best way to reduce scatter radiation to the patient, as well as to the film? | use collimation
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| this process is the preferential removal of low energy photons = | Filtration
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| Filtrators are usually made of = | Aluminum
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| Used to identify irradiation of patients and measures the radiation energy absorbed = | Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)
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| This unit is typically applied to occupationally exposed persons | Radiation Equivalent Man (REM)
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| How is REM measured on radiation workers? | by a photosensitive badge worn on the collar
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| 1 RAD = ____ REM | 1 REM
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| The number of REMs a person can get a lifetime without getting radiation poisoning = | Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)
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| What is the safe REM (or RAD) amount to have per year? | 5 REMS (RADS)
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| Bremsstrahung aka? | Braking Radiation
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| Majority of useful beam and interacts with the target nucleus = (type of radiation?) | Bremsstrauhlung Radiation
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| A high intensity electron hits an inner shell electron which is knocked out of position in orbit. An out shell then fills its spot. = (type of radiation?) | Bremstrauhlung radiation
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| Primary form of scatter = (type of scatter radiation) | Compton Scatter
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| a moderate energy x-ray knocks out an outer shell electron which causes a loss of energy = (type of scatter radiation?) | Compton Scatter
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| Classic Scatter, aka's (2)? | Thompson Scatter ; Coherent Scatter
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| A low energy x-ray that changes direction with no energy loss and contributes to film fog = (type of scatter radiation?) | Classic Scatter
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| A low energy photon is absorbed by the subject creating a latent image on the film = | Photoelectric effect
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| Quantum Mottle, aka? | Radiographic Noise
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| Faster screens produce _________ quantum mottle = (more or less?) | more quantum mottle
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| What will decrease radiographic noise in regards to altering MAS and KVP? | High MAS and low KVP will decrease radiographic noise
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| This is caused by having too big a filament on the cathode, making the focal spot too big | Penumbra
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| Penumbra is caused by 3 things: | Too short a FFD; Too long an OFD ; Too big a filament on the cathode
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| OFD stands for | Object Fim Distance
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| Distance between patient and film is called | Object Film Distance (OFD)
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| Increase OFD = (does what to the image?) | makes it bigger and blurrier (more penumbra)
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| Decreased OFD = (does what to the image?) | makes it smaller and more clear (better detail)
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| The pressure exerted by the film holder as it encloses the x-ray film = | Screen Fim Contact
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| Best test for screen film contact = | The wire-mesh test
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| Poor screen film contact does what to the image? | reduces its sharpness
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| Two types of distortion = | Size and Magnification
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| What types of radiation occurs when x-rays strike an object? (3) | Scattered, Absorbed, or Penetrated
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| Scatter radiation can be reduced by using one of the following = (4) things | Grids; Air Gap Technique; Collimators; Filters
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| A device of alternating strips of lead and spacer material | Grid
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| Grids are placed between what two objects? | the Patient and the Film
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| How does the grid improve the quality of the radiograph? | absorbs scatter radiation
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| When using a grid, what must be increased to maintain density? | Exposure factors
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| Explain Grid Ratio = | The height of the lead strips : to the distance between the strips
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| What is the grid ratio in a chiropractic office** ? | 12:1
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| What is the air gap distance between the patient and the film? | 6-10 " (example = lateral cervical view)
🗑
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| The distance between the body part and the film causes scatter radiation to diverge away from the film. What is this technique called? | Air-Gap Techinque
🗑
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| Limits the size of the bean to the size of the body part you need to capture on film = | Collimation
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| What is the best way to reduce scatter radiation to the patient, as well as to the film? | use collimation
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| this process is the preferential removal of low energy photons = | Filtration
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| Filtrators are usually made of = | Aluminum
🗑
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| Used to identify irradiation of patients and measures the radiation energy absorbed = | Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)
🗑
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| This unit is typically applied to occupationally exposed persons | Radiation Equivalent Man (REM)
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| How is REM measured on radiation workers? | by a photosensitive badge worn on the collar
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| 1 RAD = ____ REM | 1 REM
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| The number of REMs a person can get a lifetime without getting radiation poisoning = | Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)
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| What is the safe REM (or RAD) amount to have per year? | 5 REMS (RADS)
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| Bremsstrahung aka? | Braking Radiation
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| Majority of useful beam and interacts with the target nucleus = (type of radiation?) | Bremsstrauhlung Radiation
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| A high intensity electron hits an inner shell electron which is knocked out of position in orbit. An out shell then fills its spot. = (type of radiation?) | Bremstrauhlung radiation
🗑
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| Primary form of scatter = (type of scatter radiation) | Compton Scatter
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| a moderate energy x-ray knocks out an outer shell electron which causes a loss of energy = (type of scatter radiation?) | Compton Scatter
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| Classic Scatter, aka's (2)? | Thompson Scatter ; Coherent Scatter
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| A low energy x-ray that changes direction with no energy loss and contributes to film fog = (type of scatter radiation?) | Classic Scatter
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| A low energy photon is absorbed by the subject creating a latent image on the film = | Photoelectric effect
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| Quantum Mottle, aka? | Radiographic Noise
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| Faster screens produce _________ quantum mottle = (more or less?) | more quantum mottle
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| What will decrease radiographic noise in regards to altering MAS and KVP? | High MAS and low KVP will decrease radiographic noise
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| Solution temps that are too hot will _________ density = (decrease or increase?) | increase
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| What processing factor brings out LATENT IMAGE by developing the exposed silver halide crystals? | Developer
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| Reducer/Developer = function? | Produces shades of gray and black
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| Reducer/Developer = chemicals? | Phenidone/ Hydroquinone
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| Accelerator/ Activator = function? | swelling of emulsion
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| Accelerator/Activator = chemicals? | NA+ carbonate
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| Preservative = function? | controls oxidation
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| Preservative = chemicals? | Na+ sulfite or K sulfite
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| Restrainer = function? | protects unexposed crystals
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| Restrainer = chemicals? | Potassium Bromide/Iodine
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| Hardener = functions? | controls swelling of emulsion
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| Hardener = chemicals? | Glutaraldehyde
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| What does Rinse do? (processing factor) | rinses away the exposed silver halide crystals
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| What does the Fixer do? (processing factor) | hardens the image, making it permanent on the film
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| FIXER = Acidifier/Activator = function? | Neutralizes the developer/ "stop bath"
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| FIXER = Acidifier/Activator = chemical? | Acetic Acid
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| FIXER = Clearing Agent = function? | Removes undeveloped Ag Halide/ "Hypo Solution"
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| FIXER = Clearing Agent = chemical? | Ammonium
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| FIXER = Hardener = function? | stiffens/ shrinks the emulsion
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| FIXER = Hardener = chemical? | Potassium Alum
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| FIXER = Preservative = function? | Maintains pH of fixer
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| FIXER = Preservative = chemical? | Sodium Sulfate
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| Washing does what? | Removes developer and fixer
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| What results from a film that has "Light Leak"? | Dark films
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| What results from a film with a developer temperature that is too hot? | Dark films
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| What results if a film is over exposed (too dark or too light?) | Dark films
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| What results if a film has developer temperature that is too low? | Light films
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| What results if a film is taken while the chemicals need replacing at the same time? | Light films
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| These color films result with inadequate developer = | Brown films
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| These types of films occur with inadequate fixer = | Milky films
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| These types of films occur with insufficient washing = | Greasy films
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| This can occur if you have an old film, hot developer, and contaminated chemicals = | increased fog
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| This is seen on the film if there is insufficient fixing = | soft emulsion
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| Store the film/cassette __________ to avoid pressure damage. = (vertically or horizontally?) | Vertically
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| This is produced when removing the film quickly from the cassette. | Static Electricity
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| What can static electricity do to a film when it is being removed from the cassette? | can cause black and branching lightning-like lines on the film
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| What does a rectifier do? | Changes AC to DC
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| What does a transformer do? | Steps up or steps down the power
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| What does a transducer do? | Changes one form of energy to another
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| What is the term used when a beam of radiation loses energy as it passes thru matter? | Attenuation
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| Why is blue or green tint added to the base of the x-ray film? | To reduce glare
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| Nail marks on fim appears as _________ : | creases
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|
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