THE VOCABULARY TERMS AND PEOPLE IN UNIT SIX AND THEIR DEFINITIONS AND IMPORTANCE
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| Marco Polo (1254-1324) | Italian trader, he traveled to China and later wrote about his trip. During his time in China, he served as a government official in Kublai Khan's court.
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| Interest | A fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else's money.
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| Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464) | Italian banker and leader of Florence, he wanted to make Florence the greatest city in the world. His actions helped bring about the Renaissance.
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| Renaissance | The period of "rebirth" and creativity that followed Europe's Middle Ages.
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| Humanism | The study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s.
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| Dante Alighieri | Italian Renaissance poet, he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language.
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| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian writer and politician, he wrote The Prince in which he advised leaders on how to rule.
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| Perspective | A method of showing a three-dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real.
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| Michaelangelo | Italian Renaissance artist, he designed buildings, wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings.
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| Leonardo da Vinci | Genius of the Renaissance, he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker.
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| Petrarch | Early Italian Renaissance scholar, he wrote about the importance of knowing history.
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| Johann Gutenberg | German printer, he developed a printing press that used movable type.
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| Christian Humanism | The combination of humanist and religious ideas.
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| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch priest, he published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized corrupt clergy. His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation.
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| Albrecht Durer | German Renaissance artist, he is famous for his prints and woodcuts.
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| Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish writer, he wrote Don Quixote.
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| William Shakespeare | English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.
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| Reformation | A reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517; it resulted in the creation of the Protestant churches.
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| Indulgence | A document given by the pope that excused a person from penalties for sins he of she had committed.
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| Purgatory | In Catholic teaching, a place where souls go [to be cleansed of their sins] before going to heaven
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| Martin Luther | German priest credited with starting the Reformation, he nailed a list of complaints about the Catholic Church to a church door in Wittenburg, Germany.
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| Protestants | A Christian who protested against the Catholic Church.
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| John Calvin | Christian Reformer, he taught about predestination, living good lives, and obeying God's laws.
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| King Henry VIII | King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.
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| Catholic Reformation | The effort of the late 1500s and 1600s to reform the Catholic Church from within; also called the Counter-Reformation.
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| Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish noble and saint, he founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
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| Jesuits | Members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church.
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| Francis Xavier | Jesuit priest and missionary, he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan.
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| Huguenots | A French Protestant.
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| Edict of Nantes | A decree issued in 1598 by King Henry IV that granted religious freedom in most of France.
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| Thirty Years' War | A series of wars that lasted from 1618 to 1648 that involved many of the countries of Europe.
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| Congregation | An assembly of people who belong to the church.
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| Federalism | The sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government
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| Scientific Revolution | A series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700.
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| Science | A particular way of gaining knowledge about the natural world and the knowledge gained through the process.
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| Theory | A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.
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| Ptolemy | Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied the skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.
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| Rationalist | Someone who looks at the world in a reasonable and logical way.
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| Alchemy | A forerunner of chemistry.
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| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.
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| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution, he emphasized the importance of careful observation.
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| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer, he proved that the planets orbit the sun.
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| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings.
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| Sir Isaac Newton | English scientist, he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.
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| Barometer | A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.
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| Francis Bacon | English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a systematic, logical fashion. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
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| Rene Descartes | French philosopher, he believed that nothing should be accepted as true until proven. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
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| Scientific Method | A step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research.
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| Hypothesis | A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
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| Classical | Referring to the cultures of ancient Greece or Rome.
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| Affect | To change or influence.
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| Method | A way of doing something.
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| Agreement | A decision reached by two or more people or groups.
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| Logical | Reasoned, well thought out.
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| Procedure | A series of steps taken to accomplish a task.
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| Principles | Basic beliefs, rules, or laws.
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