Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms
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| Mastication | mechanical breakdown of food
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| Halitosis | Offensive, or “bad” breath
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| Deglutition | moving to the back of the mouth for swallowing
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| Papillae | rough projections on tongue, contain taste buds
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| Dysphagia | Inability or difficulty in swallowing; also called aphagia
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| Oral Leukoplakia | Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips or cheek caused by irritation
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| Pharynx | Serves as a passageway to the respiratory & GI tracts
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| Epiglottis | covers trachea to keep food out of the trachea during swallowing
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| Esophagus | Tube that leads to the stomach
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| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
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| Sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
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| Pyloric Stenosis | Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow or food into the small intestine
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| Regurgitation | Backward flowing, the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
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| Rugae | macroscopic longitudinal folds within the mucous membrane of the stomach
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| Chyme | food bolus becomes semiliquid
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| Eructation | Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching
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| Flatus | Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
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| Peristalsis | coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions
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| Colon | absorbs water & minerals & eliminated undigested material
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| Borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
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| Colic | Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
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| Dyspepsia | Epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion
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| Dysentery | Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which result in bloody diarrhea
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| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Symptoms complex marked by abdominal pain & altered bowel function, no cause can be determined
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| Obstipation | Severe constipation; may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
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| Steatorrhea | Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
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| Appendix | the function is unknown
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| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
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| Appendectomy | Surgical removal of the appendix
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| Cirrhosis | Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
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| Pancreas | lies posterior to the stomach performs endocrine & exocrine functions
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| Gallbladder | a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver serves as storage area for bile
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| Cholelithiasis | Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder of common bile duct
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| Gastroenterology | Branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases
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| Gastroenterologist | The physician who diagnoses and treats digestive disorders
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| Ulcer | is a circumscribed open sore, on the skin or mucous membranes within the body
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| Peptic Ulcer Disease | develops in GI Tract from exposure to hydrochloric acid & pepsin
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| Ulcerative Colitis | Chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine & rectum
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| Stoma | An opening of the bowel through the abdominal wall
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| Colostomy | creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
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| Endoscopy | Visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope
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| Hernia | a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall in which it is naturally contained
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| Inguinal Hernia | in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
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| Strangulated Hernia | when the blood supply to the hernia is cut off
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| Umbilical Hernia | protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel
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| Diaphragmatic Hernia | congenital disorder in which the organs of the abdomen push up through the diaphragm into thorax
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| Hiatal Hernia | lower part of the esophagus & top of stomach slide through an opening in the diaphragm into thorax
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| Hernioplasty | Surgical repair of the hernia
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| Herniorrhaphy | Suture of the abdominal wall to prevent herniation
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| Intestinal Obstruction | partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products
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| Mechanical Obstructions | caused by tumors, scars, twisting
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| Nonmechanical Blockage | caused by surgeries, spinal cord lesions
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| Hemorrhoids | Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal
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| Hemorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemorrhoids
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| Hepatitis | an inflammatory condition of the liver, forms range A - E
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| Diverticulosis | a condition in which small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine may balloon through intestinal wall
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| Diverticulitis | when diverticula become inflammed
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| Gastric Adenocarcinoma | from the epithelial mucosal lining of the stomach in the form of a cancerous glandular tumor
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| Colorectal Cancer | arises from the epithelial lining of the large intestine
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| Anorexia | Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
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